Health
Cancer vaccines are making a comeback
Personalized cancer vaccines, like those being developed by Moderna and BioNTech, are tailored to each patient's specific cancer. Researchers collect samples of a patient's tumor and healthy cells. These he sequences the two samples and compares them in order for them to identify mutations specific to the tumor. These mutations are fed into an AI algorithm that selects the mutations most likely to elicit an immune response. Together, these neoantigens form a kind of police sketch of the tumor, forming a rough picture that helps the immune system recognize cancer cells.
“Many immunotherapies stimulate the immune response in a nonspecific manner, not directly against the cancer,” said Patrick Ott, director of the Center for Personalized Cancer Vaccines at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. said. In an interview in 2022. “Personalized cancer vaccines can direct the immune response precisely where it is needed.”
How many neoantigens do you need to make that sketch? “We don't really know what the magic number is,” says Michelle Brown, Moderna's vice president of personalized neoantigen therapies. . Moderna's vaccine includes 34 different vaccines. “It comes down to what we can fit into the mRNA strand, but it allows for multiple vaccinations to ensure that the immune system is stimulated in the right way,” she said. To tell. BioNTech uses 20.
The neoantigen is loaded onto an mRNA strand and injected into the patient. From there, they are taken up by cells and translated into proteins, which are expressed on the cell surface and trigger an immune response.
mRNA is not the only way to teach the immune system to recognize neoantigens. Researchers are also delivering neoantigens as DNA, as peptides, or via immune cells or viral vectors. And many companies are working to develop non-personalized, “off-the-shelf” cancer vaccines that can save time and money. Last fall, about 50 of the roughly 400 ongoing clinical trials evaluating cancer vaccines included personalized vaccines.
There is no guarantee that these strategies will work. Even if successful, success against one type of cancer does not automatically mean success against all. Many cancer treatments initially show great promise but fail when they move into large-scale clinical trials.
However, the surge in renewed interest and activity in cancer vaccines is encouraging. And personalized vaccines may have a chance of succeeding where others have failed. This strategy makes sense for “different tumor types and different settings,” Brown said. “This technology really gives us a lot of hope.”
Read more from the MIT Technology Review archives
mRNA vaccines have been a game-changer for the pandemic. But they can do more than that. In this 2023 feature, Jessica Hamzelow We've covered countless other uses for these shotsincluding his fight against cancer.
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