How could the United States actually make Canada a US territory

We take nothing by conquest, thank God, wrote the National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser, an influential Washington newspaper, in February 1847.

The United States had just purchased 55 percent of Mexico for $15 million under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The agreement concluded the bloody Mexican-American War, which cost thousands of lives.

Despite the human losses and American ambitions to take all of Mexico, the treaty described the entire experience as a legitimate land cession rather than a conquest.

A member of La Danza Azteca performs in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 2006 at an event recognizing the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican-American War in 1848. (AP Photo/Jeff Geissler ) Neither impossible nor unthinkable

Every Canadian needs to pay attention to this part of American history. In a treaty, the United States annexed the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. He then illegally invaded indigenous territory in the west.

Read more: White US citizens flocked to Indian Territory, sparking calls for mass expulsions

Canada could be next, perhaps not immediately as the 51st state, but most likely as a US territory that would deny Canadians any right to vote in Congress or the presidency, grant only some autonomy and would make citizenship questions ambiguous. The constitutional architecture exists in the United States to achieve this.

Impossible? Unthinkable? Many experts view Trump's belligerent rhetoric as a hot-headed negotiation. It's just tough talk, they say. Some argued that his bluster was simply part of his preferred deal-making tactic.

This is a bad reading. How Trump could carry out this threat is found in the US Constitution. There is both potential and precedent for the United States to acquire territories through cession or enslavement.

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau meets with Trump at the White House in February 2017. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Sean Kilpatrick Invading Canada

The Red War Plan of 1930 was also developed by the U.S. War Department on how to invade Canada if it was ever necessary.

It included shocking details of launching the attack in Halifax with poison gas, the rapid invasion of New Brunswick, then the occupation of Quebec and Montreal before claiming Niagara Falls.

Historically, America has made many Canadian leaders nervous. Queen Victoria believed that Ottawa, as the capital, would be safe from American invasions. John A. Macdonald was concerned about attacks by Union forces on Canada, while American Confederacy spies and raiders were allowed to hole up in Montreal during the Civil War.

In the 1911 election, when the Liberal Party pushed for free trade with the United States, it was opened the door by a wave of anti-American sentiment that supported Robert Bordens' Conservatives.

Treaties and green lights from Congress

Hypothetical paranoia aside, the United States' ability to acquire territory is rooted in the U.S. Constitution. It's simple. First, start with Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution:

He [The President] shall have power, by the advice and consent of the Senate, to enter into treaties, provided that two thirds of the senators present agree.

Treaties are the tools the United States uses to conquer nothing after the Senate ratifies them with a two-thirds majority.

In 1848, President Zachary Taylor proposed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to Congress to annex Mexican lands. Even though some wanted to take over all of Mexico, Congress ratified the treaty.

In 1898, Congress passed House Joint Resolution 259. She ratified President William McKinley's Hawaiian annexation treaty. Due to protests, petitions and dissent, it took 60 years for Hawaii to become an official state in 1957.

The story of the American origin of a country born from a revolution only applies to a small part of the country. The rest of the place came into existence through annexation. The United States expanded to 50 states and 14 overseas territories through a mixture of cessions, occupations, and purchases.

U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower participated in the unfurling of the new 50-star flag in Washington in August 1959 after signing a proclamation making Hawaii the 50th state in the Union. (AP Photo/Byron Rollins) The role of dissent

From the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, which saw 827,987 square miles pass from France to the United States, to the cession of the Marshall Islands to Japan in 1947, Manifest Destiny, the belief that the expansion of the States -United across the Americas was both justified and inevitable, is written into the spine of the American Constitution.

But so is dissent.

Once the United States legally acquired territories, Article IV, Section 2 of the Constitution grants Congress the power to manage or dispose of them:

The Congress shall have power to make and adopt all necessary rules and regulations respecting the territory and other property belonging to the United States.

If territory was acquired unjustly through treaty, by illegal means, or if it endangers U.S. interests, then it can be ceded. The Marshall Islands are a good example.

A portrait of General Ulysses S. Grant. His efforts to annex part of the Dominican Republic failed. (AP Photo/Mathew Brady, file)

After serving as a nuclear testing ground for the United States, the country ratified a constitution in 1979 and is now a signatory to a free association agreement with the United States.

President Ulysses S. Grant proposed the annexation of Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic in 1870, thinking it would be a good place for freed black slaves to settle in order to escape discrimination in the southern states while protecting the Dominican Republic from the invasion of Haiti. Congress had none of it and failed to ratify the treaty.

Cuba excludes sugar

In 1898, the United States declared war on Spain by invading Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. Within six months, Spain surrendered and treaties of annexation by cession were concluded for each territory. The United States gained sovereignty over the entire country except Cuba, although the Philippines regained its independence in 1946.

Cuba's exclusion was due to Senator Henry Teller of Colorado, who was concerned about Cuban sugar flooding the U.S. market. He painted his ambitions in flowery rhetoric about the importance of autonomy, self-governance and human rights.

But in reality, Teller wanted to keep Cuba out to protect domestic sugar beet producers. The Senate adopted the amendment excluding Cuba. However, four years later, another amendment by Connecticut Senator Orville Platt established Guantanamo Bay as a permanent U.S. military base on the island and gave the United States the right to invade Cuba whenever it pleased.

Flags fly outside the tents at Camp Justice at the Guantanamo Bay naval base, Cuba, in April 2019. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon) Lines of communication open

It seems difficult to imagine that discussions about US annexation efforts against Canada are actually taking place. This is certainly alarming, but it would be a mistake to ignore history, neglect the American Constitution and attempt to subvert the art of the deal.

Trump's calls for Canada to rejoin the United States could only be achieved by drafting a treaty demonstrating that a process of cession, purchase or occupation is legal. Only then could Congress approve it, and only with a two-thirds majority in the Senate. Trump does not have two-thirds of the Senate.

The right solution is to make the voices of Canadians heard in Congress. The Strength of Canada-United States Relations have always been person-to-person relationships in a deeply intertwined mix of family and business relationships.

Read more: How Canada and the country's prime ministers should respond to Trump's trade and energy policies

Trump doesn't see the point. Congress could, however, do so, especially if Canada's annexation proves costly.

This is why Canadian politicians at the federal, provincial and even municipal levels must open lines of communication with Congress, especially in economically strategic states.

Representatives of Congress should view the annexation of Canada as a ridiculous burden, both politically and financially, rather than as a reward.

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