Politics
Turkey exploits relations between the Eastern and Western worlds for geopolitical advantages
Turkey's bold foreign policy moves in recent years reflect a determined effort to redefine its regional and global role. From its military interventions in Syria to its growing engagement with BRICS [the association of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and four additional countries]Ankara's actions reveal a broader strategy.
Tukey's ambitions challenge the international order.
Its involvement in Syria underscores an increasingly interventionist approach to the Middle East. By actively supporting jihadist and terrorist groups, Ankara has positioned itself as a key player in the power struggle between Sunnis and Shiites. This strategy aligns with President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's vision of a neo-Ottoman sphere of influence, in which Turkey assumes a leadership role in the Sunni Muslim world. Unlike traditional statecraft, Turkey's geopolitical imagination prioritizes intervention and influence. These aren't just immediate security concerns; it is about shaping the regional order to reflect Turkey’s historical and ideological ambitions.
Turkey's actions in Syria and Iraq also demonstrate a deeper abandonment of its Western alliances. Erdogan's government has cultivated closer ties with Russia, challenging NATO cohesion and transatlantic interests, as evidenced by the acquisition of the Russian S-400 air defense system – a move that has alienated NATO allies and raised security concerns about the risks of espionage on U.S. bases in Turkey.
Even though Turkey supplies small arms to Ukraine, Erdogan's efforts to circumvent Russian sanctions highlight Ankara's nuanced balance. This historic strategy of playing the Russian card aims to maintain economic ties with Moscow while carving out an independent role in the global order.
Turkey's interest in joining BRICS reflects its broader aspirations to challenge Western domination. Erdogan defined this commitment as a commitment to “diversity of approaches, identities and policies in the global economic system.” However, this rhetoric masks a more strategic objective: leveraging Turkey's unique position between East and West to maximize its geopolitical influence.
This decision also affirms a return to the natural region, which is indicative of an imperial Islamic order. Some BRICS members argue for a “civilizational state” model that prioritizes sovereignty and cultural identity over liberal democratic norms. This view echoes Erdogan's neo-Ottoman worldview, which emphasizes Turkey's colonial distinctiveness.
Turkey's geographical assets
Turkey used its strategic location to its advantage in negotiations over Sweden and Finland's membership in NATO. By positioning himself as a gatekeeper, Erdogan has demonstrated his ability to extract concessions from Western and non-Western powers.
Turkey's foreign policy ambitions are not limited to geopolitics; they extend into the ideological domain. Erdogan's government has forged close ties with political Islamist movements, including Hamas and the Muslim Brotherhood, which reflect Turkey's long-term investment in shaping the future of political Islam in the Middle East. -Orient and Europe. Hosting conferences featuring Hamas leaders, such as Khaled Mashaal, who recently called for suicide attacks against Israel, highlights Ankara's ideological commitments.
Moreover, Turkey's partnership with Qatar in financing Islamic movements reveals a coordinated strategy towards the dominant Sunni Muslim communities globally, especially after the weakening of the Iranian “axis of resistance.”
Turkey's foreign policy illustrates the complexities of a multipolar world order. With a dual approach, Turkey accuses NATO of fueling the war in Ukraine while leveraging its NATO membership to strengthen its strategic position.
Turkey's ambitions pose a complex challenge for U.S. policymakers. On the one hand, Turkey remains a vital NATO ally. On the other hand, its pivot toward Russia, BRICS, and political Islam undermines the values and principles that underpin the transatlantic alliance.
Ankara seeks to redefine its role as an independent power broker, free from alliances or traditional norms. This raises difficult questions about how to engage with an increasingly assertive and unpredictable Türkiye. In the Middle East, its ambitions could exacerbate existing tensions. By positioning itself as the leader of Sunni Islam, Ankara risks deepening sectarian divisions and further destabilizing the region.
Its ideological reach could also fuel extremism and undermine efforts to promote stability and democratic governance. By combining interventionist strategies and ideological outreach, Ankara is reshaping the geopolitical landscape of the region and “beyond,” as Erdogan claims.
Turkey's metamorphosis demands a measured response, and the international community must think seriously about its implications. For the West and its allies, engaging with Turkey will require a nuanced approach that balances strategic cooperation with efforts to address the challenges posed by Ankara's evolving foreign policy.
The writer is a member of the Middle East Forum and author of Towards an independent Kurdistan: self-determination in international law (published by Routledge in 2023), which offers a Middle Eastern perspective on the right to self-determination.
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