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Coronavirus Nasal Spray Vaccine Is Strong But Difficult To Make: Shot
Some influenza vaccines are made in the form of nasal sprays instead of injections. Sprays give the recipient two types of immunity, which can be difficult to make technically.
Getty Images’ Tim Sloan / AFP
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Getty Images’ Tim Sloan / AFP
Some influenza vaccines are made in the form of nasal sprays instead of injections. Sprays give the recipient two types of immunity, which can be difficult to make technically.
Getty Images’ Tim Sloan / AFP
The main purpose of the COVID-19 vaccine is to prevent people from becoming very ill and dying. However, there is another goal to prevent the spread of this disease, and it is not clear whether most vaccine candidates currently in development can do it.
Some scientists believe that giving the vaccine as a nasal drop can solve the problem.
“Most of the vaccines-in fact, all vaccines that are currently in clinical trials-are delivered via the muscle,” he says. Francis Lund, An immunologist and vaccine developer at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. That muscle is usually the deltoid muscle of the upper arm. Injection into the muscle tends to give the strongest immune response. That’s why most vaccine developers start there.
“I get a systemic response, but not a local response,” she says. With a systemic reaction, Lund is talking about producing antibodies that circulate throughout the body — through the blood and to all parts of our body.
However, in the case of respiratory viruses such as coronavirus, infection usually begins in the nose or throat and can become established before systemic immunity begins.
Injected vaccines may protect people from severe illness, but people may still have the virus in their noses, which may spread to others.
Placing the vaccine directly into the nose provides another type of immunity that occurs primarily in the cells behind the nose and throat.
“If it delivers via the intranasal route, it still gets systemic immunity, so it doesn’t go away, adding levels of immunity not available with intramuscular vaccines,” she says. “And that immunity is local”
Systemic immunity prevents a person from getting sick, and local immunity means that the virus has difficulty in infecting the nasal cavity. Lund is Altimmune To make such a vaccine.
If the new vaccine is completely effective and everyone is vaccinated, you will not have to worry that the vaccinated people will shed the virus or infect others. But this is a very unlikely scenario for several reasons.
“Even if we have a good supply of vaccines, there are two problems.” Michael diamond, University of Washington vaccine developer. “One is that some people don’t get the vaccine, and then there are fragments of the population that don’t respond well to the vaccine, which means that the body may not make the antibodies that protect the vaccine.
Vaccines that prevent the spread of the virus are desirable, but not always technically feasible.
Diamond is also working on a nasal vaccine, He explains it Journal of the month cell..
Nasal spray vaccines are not common, but some say they exist for certain other diseases, Diamond says.
“There is an influenza vaccine called flumist that is already in use,” he says. “Thus, we hope that the technology used for existing nasal drops can be applied to this.”
You can contact NPR Science correspondent Joe Palca [email protected].
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