Complications within the plate boundary – times criterion

Before my retirement, I often took school groups on tours of the seismographs of the Department of Geology at Hasso University. We were starting in front of the cylinder displayed in Van Matri and talking about how seismographs work. They liked making their own earthquake by jumping up and down next to the sensor in the basement of the Founder’s Hall.

I was asking a lot about the cause of earthquakes. Hands up, responding to “tectonic plates” with satisfied smiles. They learned how earthquakes and volcanic activity were concentrated along plate boundaries. My answer was, “Well, it’s a little more complicated.”

Earthquakes are not caused by plate tectonics. It occurs due to the forces in the ground that cause the rocks to tear, which leads to the release of seismic waves that we witness when the earth shakes. Plate tectonics is a model that explains why most (but not all) earthquake foci are concentrated in narrow bands on Earth’s surface.

It’s all about how you cool the planet. Convection is a more effective method of moving heat from conduction and in the ground, it forms as narrow regions of heat rising along hills and hot spots. As the material cools, it becomes heavier and succumbs to gravity, creating a downward flow along the subduction zones. The push and pull of heat and gravity causes the Earth’s exterior to be in constant motion. Since the Earth is a sphere, the centers of diffusion and subduction zones need zones of horizontal motion (transformation boundaries) to accommodate all possible motions between the plates. Certain types of earthquakes tend to be associated with different boundaries – compressive or seismic earthquakes in subduction zones, extended or natural faults at hills, and striking earthquakes along transitions.

Unlike the textbook pictures many of my school groups have seen, the board’s borders are not simple lines where earthquakes appear and are earthquake-free. In places such as along ocean hills, nearly all earthquakes are close to boundaries. But not always, and when plate boundaries involve bituminous matter, they always become more complex.

The October 30 M7 earthquake in the Aegean Sea is a good example. A typical fifth grade textbook would show a long, toothed line across the middle of the Mediterranean, indicating that it is a converging board border. The African plate is moving north and colliding with the European plate. As a result, the Mediterranean is compressing and growing smaller. The epicenter of the Aegean earthquake was off the western coast of Turkey and, given a global map of plate boundaries, is located in the convergence zone between the two plates. So the earthquake fault must be directed in the direction of electronic warfare, right?

Error. The electronic warfare trend was correct, but the mistake was the exact opposite. It was a normal mistake, involving extension rather than compression. When zooming in on the geological map, the boundaries of the main board are no longer a straight line and many other adjacent fault systems appear. The blocks composed of relatively more resistant materials to the ever-tightening compressive binding respond to the movement of the African plate by rotation. Most of Turkey is located in the Anatolian Bloc, one of these most resistant units, and is slowly rotating counterclockwise in response to the northward movement in Africa.

The geology of the Anatolian block on Earth is complex, but it has been studied by many geologists and the rift zones are well defined. It gets messier outside where direct monitoring is difficult and error becomes more widespread. Earthquakes like the M7 help explain the story.

As the Anatolian bloc rotates, it creates areas of tension in the Aegean Sea. This is one of the reasons for the presence of the sea – the entire region between Greece and Turkey is stretched, which causes the crust to thin out locally. Another consequence of prolonged stress are earthquakes. The USGS catalog includes 25 earthquakes of magnitude 6 and the largest in the Aegean Sea since 1950. The October 30 earthquake is the largest.

A normal earthquake with great force under the sea floor and near populated areas has consequences. The Aegean Sea earthquake caused strong ground shaking in most of western Turkey and on the Greek islands near the epicenter. The United States Geological Survey estimates that approximately 4 million people have experienced strong to very strong earthquakes. Dozens of buildings were badly damaged or collapsed and 116 people died. It’s the deadliest earthquake of 2020 so far.

The built environment in Turkey is a mixture of traditional structures without reinforcements, multi-storey concrete buildings constructed in the latter half of the 20th century to different and sometimes lax building standards, and well-built modern structures that are as safe as anything recently built in California. The details of why buildings failed or survived are currently being investigated by Turkish and international earthquake engineers; A quick glance at photos of the damage gives a tragic answer to nearly every modern earthquake. Structures with insufficient resistance to strong side-to-side movement in earthquakes become death traps.

The tsunami was another consequence of the earthquake. Most major tsunamis are caused by a thrust fault where the motion is compressed and one side of the fault moves up and the other side. But normal faults are more severe than thrust faults and produce more vertical displacement of the same size. They are not given as much attention in the tsunami community because very large natural faults for submarines are rare. But the October 30 earthquake is a reminder not to ignore them. The height of the tsunami was less than a foot in most of the observed areas, but it reached more than three feet in several locations in Turkey. But it is not just the height of the tsunami that matters. Even a very small tsunami can produce powerful currents in which case they are powerful enough to attract at least one person to death.

Bottom line – plate boundaries are complex and every earthquake has a lesson to teach. All we need is to make sure you learn it.

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