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A decade of instability in Libya after the death of Muammar Gaddafi | World | Latest news and insights from around the world | DW

 


“We are announcing to the world that Gaddafi was killed at the hands of the revolution,” said spokesman for the Libyan National Transitional Council (CNT), Abdul Hafiz Ghoga, on October 20, 2011. “It is the end of tyranny and dictatorship,” he added. .

In February 2011, the Libyans, inspired by the uprising in neighboring Tunisia, opposed the regime of dictator Muammar Gaddafi, who came to power after the 1969 coup he led.

In March, the United Nations agreed to a military operation aimed at protecting the civilian population from the regime’s reprisals. NATO launched attacks on Gaddafi’s army, considerably weakening the dictator’s forces.

Bloody fate

Gaddafi fled the capital, Tripoli. After months on the run, he was found in the city of Sirte, about 450 kilometers (270 miles) east of Tripoli. Surrounded by opponents, the “revolutionary leader” was caught trying to escape through a sewer. The rebels promptly and violently killed him; a photo of the bloodied corpse has been circulated around the world.

A man squats in an open drainage pipe, there is a writing on the concrete

Rebels say they found Gaddafi hiding in a drainpipe

At the start of the uprising against Gaddafi’s regime, food prices were rising and youth unemployment was extremely high, said Hager Ali, a research fellow at the Hamburg-based GIGA Institute for Middle Eastern Studies. Libya. From the start there were also demands for democracy, as well as calls for an end to human rights violations. The Libyans wanted an investigation into serious human rights violations such as the 1996 massacre at Abu Salim prison in Tripoli, in which around 1,200 to 1,700 people in prison were killed. “This crime was characteristic of the period under Gaddafi,” Ali said.

People were giddily optimistic about a fresh start, but even then some observers urged caution. “The road ahead for Libya and its people will be difficult and strewn with pitfalls,” UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said at the time. “The time has come for all Libyans to come together.” He added: “Libyans can only realize the promise of the future through national unity and reconciliation.”

It was wishful thinking, however, and, in 2014, the turmoil of the uprising led to a civil war.

Much to blame was Gaddafi’s own power apparatus, Ali said. “He also bought protection against foreign mercenaries while keeping the lower ranks of the Libyan army out of power,” she added. The strategy led to rivalries that continued for years after the dictator’s death, in addition to conflicts of interest at the regional level.

 Haftar and al-Sarraj

Bitter opponents for years: Khalifa Haftar and Fayez al-Sarraj

During the uprising, the different groups were briefly united in their intention to overthrow Gaddafi, but alliances disintegrated after his fall. “There was no functional civilian political arena in which disputes could be settled and negotiated,” Ali said. Several elections also failed to produce national unity.

Failed state

State power disintegrated and soon there were two governments: one in Tripoli, the other in Tobruk, in the far east of the country. To protect or enforce their interests, a growing number of foreign countries have intervened in the civil war, including Russia, Turkey, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Mercenary troops funded by foreign states remain in the country to this day.

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan tried to assert Turkey’s claims over gas reserves in the Mediterranean Sea by forming an alliance with the then internationally recognized head of government, Fayez al-Sarraj. Russia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates have supported the so-called government-in-exile in Tobruk, which is linked to militia commander Khalifa Haftar. Egypt in particular hoped that cooperation would help Libya subdue Islamist forces, especially the Muslim Brotherhood. Various EU governments, in turn, were primarily interested in using Libya to prevent migrants and refugees from initiating Mediterranean trips to the European Union. This is one of the reasons why, in February 2020, German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas stressed the importance of including states neighboring Libya in the talks. .

Libya conferences

There have been many initiatives to end the civil war and restore stability in Libya. Several UN special envoys tried to bring the belligerents to the negotiating table, which ultimately resulted in several initiatives including two conferences on Libya organized by Germany in Berlin in 2020 and 2021.

 Heiko Maas and Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibah, two men bang their fists

German Foreign Minister Maas and Libyan Prime Minister Dbeibah in June in Berlin

In February, the Libyans agreed on Abdul Hamid Dbeiba as interim prime minister to support preparations for the presidential and parliamentary elections scheduled for December. The parliamentary elections were recently postponed again for a month. The long-awaited reconciliation is progressing slowly at best.

Many of the country’s problems remain unresolved, Ali said. One of the fundamental challenges a future government will face is the control of the military and other armed forces. “There is a risk that the armed forces are not controlled or are insufficiently controlled and do not follow orders,” she said. Several heavily armed groups could still ignore the election results.

Ten years after the death of Gaddafi, democracy, stability and independence vis-à-vis external powers are still a rather distant vision of the future of Libya.

This article was originally written in German.

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