This diagram is among the oldest accounts of earthquakes in the Americas

A 50-page manuscript of intricate color illustrations dating back to the early 16th century includes the most complete written chronology – and one of the oldest – of the early earthquakes in the Americas.

Telleriano-Remensis, created by an unknown pre-Spanish civilization, describes 12 separate earthquakes that rocked what is now Mexico and Central America from 1460 to 1542, researchers report August 25 in Earthquake Research Letters. The famous manuscript was written by specialists called tlacuilos, meaning “those who write drawing” in the Nahuatl language spoken by the Aztecs and other pre-Hispanic civilizations in the region (SN: 3/13/20).

Using other manuscripts from the area, researchers had previously identified a mixture of two pictorial representations of an earthquake. One shows four spirals around a central circle or eye, and stands for ollin, meaning “movement” in Nahuatl. The other diagram shows one or more rectangular layers filled with dots, meaning tlalli, or “earth.” For earthquakes during the day, the eye is open; For night earthquakes, it is closed.

In manuscripts by pre-Spanish civilizations who spoke Nahuatl, such as the Aztecs, the combination of two symbols represents an earthquake or two hills. One pictorial image (on the left) shows four snails with central eyes and standing for ollin, or “movement”. The second (on the right) is a rectangular box filled with dots, often in tiers, and represents tlalli, or “earth.” G. Suárez and V. García-Acosta / Seismology Research Letters 2021

Seismologist Gerardo Suárez of the National Autonomous University of Mexico and social anthropologist Virginia García Acosta of the Graduate Research and Studies Center in Social Anthropology, both in Mexico City, outperform Telleriano-Remensis. The researchers were looking for representations of earthquakes, and compared what they found to accounts of earthquakes in manuscripts and other pre-Hispanic texts written by later Spanish monks.

Telleriano-Remensis uses a pictorial representation of a roughly 52-year cycle of earthquake history. The years are represented by four signs – tecbatel (knife), kali (house), tochtli (rabbit) and acatel (cane) – arranged in 13 permutations. These images helped researchers match some of the graphic accounts of the earthquakes, including one in 1507, with later descriptions of the events.

No further information is given about the exact locations of these earthquakes or the damage they caused, although one image indicates that the earthquake caused floods that drowned the warriors. The researchers say other manuscripts may contain more clues, which could help create a more complete chronology of the earthquakes that shook this ancient world.

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