Monitoring the “impossible” earthquake hundreds of kilometers under the surface of the earth

National Geographic reports that about one in 20 earthquakes have been measured more than 300 kilometers below the planet’s surface, but how they occur has long been a mystery. This far away, the rock is hot, soft, and resilient—meaning that although it is under extreme stress it tends to bend rather than break, and earthquakes should be “unlikely, if not impossible.”

One scientist told Live Science they’ve figured out how earthquakes up to about 400 kilometers away happen — pressure forces fluids out of pores in rocks, making them more brittle. But without that, no one is quite sure.

“At this depth, we think all the water has to be pushed away, and we’re certainly a long way from where we’re going to see classic brittle behaviour,” said Pamela Burnley, professor of geospatial materials at the University of Nevada.

A few different explanations have been proposed—including a piece of sunken crust that may have penetrated the mantle, the cold temperature perturbing the pressure balances in the hotter mantle; The other thing is that intense pressures falling below can cause metals to degrade in unexpected ways, creating weaknesses that can lead to sudden slips.

“We can’t go down there,” University of Southern California geophysicist Heidi Houston told National Geographic. “We only see what the earthquake waves show us.”

The study was published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.

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