Rupture spread during the 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake – ScienceDaily

On April 4, 2010, the Mw 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake shook northeast Baja California, Mexico, along the margins of the Pacific and North American Plate, an area known for its complex fault systems of varied and often poorly understood geometries. But now, researchers from Japan have shed new light on the prevalence of irregular ruptures in the 2010 earthquake while minimizing potential modeling errors.

In nature, faults that cause earthquakes are rarely completely flat, and they are usually subject to some complications. These intricacies, or geometric discontinuities, affect the stress distribution along the faults, and lead to diverse rupture behaviors during earthquakes. These intricacies understandably present challenges to robust geophysical explanations.

“Understanding earthquake rupture processes and their relationship to fault engineering is critical in studying earthquake source physics,” says Professor Yoji Yagi, lead author of the study. “However, traditional modeling approaches rely on model makers making some assumptions about the engineering of errors that may lead to errors, which makes robust interpretation difficult.”

A conventional modeling approach, known as finite fault inversion, estimates the spatiotemporal evolution of an earthquake to reconstruct the history of the slip. To provide a more accurate interpretation of the rupture pattern during the 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake, the researchers used P (or “raw”) telescope waveform data from the earthquake, which contains information on true fault directions. This information can be extracted directly, thus mitigating potential modeling errors resulting from uncertainty about error engineering and the assumptions made during modeling.

“Using the efficacy-density tensor approach to invert teleseismic P waveforms from the El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake, we were able to simultaneously estimate the rupture process and fault engineering and determine the non-uniform rupture sequence,” explains Professor Yaghi. “The earthquake caused multiple faults with different faulting mechanisms, and the geometric discontinuity in the fault geometry caused irregular rupture behavior.”

Sensitivity and reproducibility tests conducted by the researchers yielded consistent results, including identification of the timing and propagation directions of the various ruptures. Even small changes in the data did not affect the results of the P waveform inversion, indicating the reliability of the modeling approach.

Given the prevalence of non-uniform ruptures of the El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake, and earthquakes with similar complex slip histories around the world, suppression of potential modeling errors is critical for determining complex rupture behavior that is difficult to determine using conventional methods. Investigating complex fault engineering using robust modeling techniques that do not depend on assumptions is critical to our understanding of earthquake source physics.

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Materials provided by University of Tsukuba. Note: Content can be modified according to style and length.

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