SunLive – Rock search reveals secrets of earthquake faults

Pioneering research into New Zealand’s most common rock types is revealing some of the secrets of the many faults that take place beneath this country.

Faults in gray rock have caused incredible havoc in Christchurch, Kaikoura and Edgecombe in recent years and are the most common species in the country, yet New Zealand’s geology has never been studied for the “ugly duckling”.

Scientists have neglected graywacke because it is not colorful and somewhat torturous. It’s at that in-between stage – between the fairly simple sedimentary rocks and the bright schist that covers Otago, says Dr Carolyn Bolton, of Te Heringa Waka – Victoria University of Wellington.

The EQC funding has enabled Dr. Bolton to look specifically at how gray rocks behave before, during and after earthquakes and how faults can communicate with each other.

The research team conducted a comprehensive set of laboratory experiments on gray rocks in machines that can create small earthquakes by simulating the high temperatures and pressures that exist when earthquakes start.

This included testing the Griwacki samples at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, which has a sophisticated device that can measure the frictional properties of rocks at high temperatures and pressures.

“Through these experiments, we can identify the characteristics of the fault. Because there are all kinds of faults, these experiments allow us to correctly describe each fault and distinguish it from another, such as different types of cars or bikes. Not all faults are the same,” Dr. Bolton says.

The researchers then combined laboratory data with a catalog of real earthquakes around Wellington and built a physics-based model to calculate temperatures under Wellington, allowing them to determine where seismic events are most likely to occur – and why.

“Wellington is a very good place to look at how, why and where earthquakes happen, because the area has a very uniform rock type. [greywacke]. We also have densely spaced seismic stations, which gives us high-resolution data on where earthquakes occur.”

EQC’s Director of Research, Dr Natalie Balfour, says the project will provide basic modeling data to understand the likelihood and intensity of earthquakes in New Zealand.

“The results provide the basic input data for building a fault simulation network to explain how faults interact and why New Zealand has multiple fault earthquakes.”

The results will also be used to help model risk and help inform New Zealand building standards.

Scientists, engineers and others are working together to better understand New Zealand’s insurance risks and reduce the impact of future seismic events.

“To build a detailed model of how, why, and where earthquakes occur across the country, we must continue to work to improve our picture of how conditions change kilometers beneath our feet — on faults that we can never visit but still affect us,” says Dr. Bolton.

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