What can earthquakes and swamps teach us about planets?

P and S waves form a group called body waves, which travel through rocks. The fastest are p waves (initial, or compression waves), which compress rocks as they race through them. The movement of these waves is like the movement of someone in the back of a line pushing the person in front of them. When p waves pass through different materials, they accelerate and slow down, and this changes their path. So, by mapping how these p-waves change direction, scientists can try to piece together and put together the planet’s inner layers.

The other type of body wave is called the s wave (secondary, or shear wave), and this is the second fastest type of seismic wave. S waves move the rocks perpendicular to the direction the wave is moving, like shaking a beach towel to toss sand. In order to propagate, S waves require a material that has some internal strength and rigidity. This means that s waves cannot pass through liquids, including our planet’s liquid metallic outer core.

The last two seismic waves form a group called surface waves. On Earth, these are the waves that cause the most destruction. The first type, love waves, oscillates the surface from side to side (horizontally). Meanwhile, the other type, Rayleigh waves, move across the surface like an ocean wave (vertical). When we feel the ground shaking during an earthquake, love waves and Rayleigh waves are what we usually feel.

Inside, be careful

Inside Earth, p and s waves accelerate as they go deeper into the planet’s crust and mantle. There are some differences as waves travel from the brittle crust to the malleable mantle to the dense core, but generally they travel faster at greater depth. This is due to the changing pressure (and thus density) of the Earth’s interior, as well as changes in the minerals that make up the mantle.

When seismic waves hit the boundary of the Earth’s core, big things happen. First, the s waves disappear because the Earth’s outer core is liquid. Remember, s waves cut rocks, and without anything to trim, they just fade. However, the s waves go back to the solid inner core of the planet. That’s because s waves, or secondary waves, are often a byproduct of the motion of p waves, or primary waves.

Meanwhile, p-wave velocities drop dramatically at the mantle core boundary. This is because they move from silica-rich rocks to an iron-nickel core. In fact, inside Earth, the speed of p-waves drops by about 50%. However, the p waves are accelerating again as they travel deeper into the Earth’s outer and inner core.

After both s and p waves make their way through the Earth’s core, their speed changes again – but this time in the opposite direction, now venturing from the core to the crust.

in the shadows

Planets and moons are spheres. So, whether it’s an earthquake, swamp, or lunar earthquake, an earthquake will send seismic waves moving in an arc-like shape across the interior of the globe (see image below). When these waves collide with different materials, they increase or decrease their speed, causing their paths to bend. This phenomenon is known as refraction, which is the same thing that occurs when light (which could be a wave) passes through a lens.

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