The months of gravity changed before the Tohoku earthquake

Source: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Earthquakes caused by sliding tectonic plates can be very devastating events. The 2011 Tohoku earthquake caused severe damage to population centers in eastern Japan.

Continuous monitoring of faulty areas using seismographs and space-based geodesy measurements can indicate ground deformations in shallow or surface systems, allowing researchers to assist with risk mitigation work. But for subduction zones, a lot of distortion occurs deep in the Earth, making it difficult to detect at the surface.

In a new paper, Bannett et al. Check if they can detect plate drag distortions using gravity measurements from satellites. The team used satellite data for the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) – GRACE is a dual satellite system launched by NASA and the DLR (German Aerospace Center) that makes detailed measurements of Earth’s gravitational field. These measurements can reveal information about changes in Earth’s systems, including the amounts and locations of water and ice as well as crustal deformations.

In previous studies, the team identified and mapped anomalous changes in Earth’s gravity in the months leading up to the Tohoku earthquake in both space and time. In this paper, the researchers develop a new method for detecting signals along plate boundaries.

The researchers used GRACE to study subtle changes in gravity in subduction systems. Using overlapping lanes of GRACE’s gravitational gradients from 2004 to 2011, the team tested whether they could see signals deep in the solid Earth before Tohoku occurred, and devised a method to determine the redistribution of solid mass based on varying gravitational gradients.

They found that there were unique gravitational signs that preceded the Tohoku earthquake, which are likely related to deep distortions in the subduction system. The team says their work offers a way to continuously monitor the immersion movements of the Pacific Plate at depth using real-time gravity-measuring satellites. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024542, 2022)

– Sarah Darwin, science writer

Quote: Derwin, S. (2022), Months of Gravity Changes Preceding the Tohoku Earthquake, Ios, 103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EO220425. Published September 1, 2022. Text © 2022. AGU. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 Unless otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without the express permission of the copyright owner is prohibited. Related

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