Pioneering new technology detects early signs of earthquakes

A new study highlights the potential of satellites to detect early indicators of earthquakes through anomalies in the ground, atmosphere and ionosphere, suggesting the possibility of predicting earthquakes earlier than previously thought. Professor Mehdi Akhundzadeh's research, which included analysis of satellite data from recent earthquakes near the Turkish-Syrian border, identified significant anomalies that occurred 19 days before the events. These findings could pave the way for the development of advanced earthquake early warning systems that reduce false alarms and increase forecast reliability. Credit: SciTechDaily.com

Research identifies clear electromagnetic anomalies from a variety of satellite data, which may help develop earthquake early warning systems.

According to a new study in the De Gruyter Journal of Applied Geodesy, earthquakes may reveal their impending presence much earlier than previously thought through a variety of anomalies present in the ground, atmosphere and ionosphere that can be detected using satellites.

Developing earthquake early warning systems can be very helpful in preventing death and destruction. One such proposed technology involves using satellites to monitor a variety of physical and chemical factors within the Earth's atmosphere and the layer of charged particles above it, called the ionosphere.

Challenges in detecting earthquake precursors

Such anomalies are known as earthquake precursors, and although researchers are aware of them, it has been difficult to definitively identify the pattern of so-called red flags that could indicate an impending quake. This is due to the complexity of previous interactions and their variation according to earthquakes and geographical regions. However, with each earthquake that researchers analyze using increasingly sophisticated satellite technology, these patterns slowly emerge.

Professor Mehdi Akhundzadeh from the University of Tehran evaluated a variety of satellite data from the period before and after the two earthquakes that occurred on February 6, 2023 near the border between Turkey and Syria. This included data from China's CSES-01 electromagnetic seismic satellite, and the Swarm satellite mission consisting of three satellites from the European Space Agency.

Observations of anomalies before earthquakes

Surprisingly, he observed land surface temperature anomalies from the earthquake zone as early as 12 to 19 days before the earthquakes and anomalies in atmospheric parameters between 5 and 10 days before the earthquakes. These included measurements of water vapor and methane, ozone and carbon monoxide levels.

When Professor Akhundzadeh investigated ionospheric anomalies, including measurements of parameters such as electron density and electron temperature, he found strikingly obvious anomalies 1-5 days before earthquakes occurred.

The times at which the anomalies became evident in the Earth, atmosphere and ionosphere respectively indicate that these signals originated at Earth and eventually became evident at higher levels in the atmosphere and eventually the ionosphere.

Studying these phenomena could pave the way for earthquake early warning systems, but researchers will need to evaluate other earthquakes in the future to fully understand these patterns.

“Using CSES-01 satellite data, ionospheric anomalies before the earthquakes that struck Turkey on February 6, 2023 were detected for the first time,” Professor Akhundzadeh said. “By studying anomalies associated with multiple earthquake precursors, the uncertainty in detecting true anomalies is reduced, and this can be effective in creating earthquake warning systems with a low number of false warnings.”

Reference: “Analyzes of data from China's first seismic electromagnetic satellite (CSES-01) with other seismic precursors associated with the Turkey earthquakes (6 February 2023)” by Mehdi Akhundzadeh, 16 May 2024, Journal of Applied Geodesy.DOI: 10.1515/JAG-2024 -0024

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