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More than 3 million deaths a year due to alcohol and drug use, the majority among men
A new report from the World Health Organization (WHO) points out that 2.6 million deaths per year can be attributed to alcohol consumption, which accounts for 4.7% of all deaths, and 0.6 million deaths are caused by the use of psychoactive drugs. Namely, 2 million deaths caused by alcohol and 0.4 million by drugs were among men.
WHO Global report on the status of alcohol and drug addiction health and treatment provides a comprehensive update based on 2019 data on the public health impact of alcohol and drug use and the situation of alcohol consumption and treatment of addiction-related disorders worldwide. The report shows that around 400 million people worldwide were living with alcohol and drug addiction disorders. Of these, 209 million people lived with alcohol addiction.
“Drug use seriously harms individual health, increases the risk of chronic diseases, mental health conditions and tragically results in millions of preventable deaths each year. It places a heavy burden on families and communities, increasing exposure to accidents, injuries and violence,” said Dr. .Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the WHO. “To build a healthier, more just society, we urgently need to commit to bold actions that reduce the negative health and social consequences of alcohol consumption and make treatment for addictive disorders accessible and affordable.”
The report highlights the urgent need to accelerate global action towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.5 by 2030 by reducing alcohol and drug consumption and improving access to quality treatment for addiction-related disorders.
Health consequences of alcohol consumption
The report notes that despite some reduction in alcohol-related death rates since 2010, the total number of alcohol-related deaths remains unacceptably high at 2.6 million in 2019, with the highest numbers in the European region and the African region.
Death rates from alcohol consumption per liter of alcohol consumed are highest in low-income countries and lowest in high-income countries.
Of all alcohol-attributable deaths in 2019, an estimated 1.6 million deaths were from noncommunicable diseases, including 474,000 deaths from cardiovascular disease and 401,000 from cancer.
Approximately 724,000 deaths were caused by injuries, such as those from traffic accidents, self-harm and interpersonal violence. Another 284,000 deaths were related to infectious diseases. For example, alcohol consumption has been shown to increase the risk of HIV transmission as a result of increased risk of unprotected sex and by increasing the risk of TB infection and mortality by suppressing a wide range of immune responses.
The largest share (13%) of alcohol-related deaths in 2019 was among young people aged 20 to 39.
Alcohol consumption trends
The total consumption of alcohol per capita in the world population slightly decreased from 5.7 liters in 2010 to 5.5 liters in 2019. The highest levels of consumption per capita in 2019 were recorded in the WHO European region (9.2 liters) and region of America (7.5 liters).
The level of alcohol consumption per inhabitant among consumers is an average of 27 grams of pure alcohol per day, which is approximately equal to two glasses of wine, two bottles of beer (33 cl) or two portions of spirits (4 cl). This level and frequency of drinking is associated with an increased risk of a number of health conditions and associated mortality and disability.
In 2019, 38% of current drinkers were involved in heavy drinking episodes, defined as consuming at least 60g of pure alcohol on one or more occasions in the previous month – roughly equivalent to 4 or 5 glasses of wine, bottles of beer or spirits . Continuous drinking was very widespread among men.
Globally, 23.5% of all 15-19 year olds currently consume alcohol. Rates of current drinking were highest among 15-19-year-olds in the European region (45.9%), followed by the Americas (43.9%).
The gap in the treatment of drug addiction disorders
Effective treatment options for substance abuse disorders exist, but treatment coverage remains incredibly low. The proportion of people in contact with addiction treatment services ranged from less than 1% to no more than 35% in 2019 in the countries that provided this data.
Most of the 145 countries that reported data did not have a separate budget line or data on government spending on the treatment of addiction-related disorders. Although self-help and peer support groups are useful resources for people with substance use disorders, almost half of the responding countries said they do not offer such support groups for substance use disorders.
Stigma, discrimination, and misconceptions about the effectiveness of treatment contribute to these critical gaps in treatment delivery, as well as the continued low prioritization of substance use disorders by health and development agencies.
Actions for progress
In order to speed up progress towards the achievement of goal 3.5. SDGs and reduce the health and social burden attributable to substance use, governments and partners should intensify actions in 8 strategic areas. That includes:
- increase awareness through a coordinated global advocacy campaign;
- strengthen the capacities for prevention and treatment of the health and social care system;
- expand the training of health professionals;
- re-commit to implementation Global action plan for alcohol 2022-2030 with a focus on SAFER package;
- accelerate international capacity building and knowledge transfer efforts;
- engage civil society organizations, professional associations and people with life experience;
- improve multi-level monitoring systems and appropriate research capacities; and
- increase resource mobilization, distribution and innovative financing mechanisms to strengthen the capacity of health and social systems.
Notes to the editor
The previous WHO report on SDG target 3.5 was published in 2018. The report published today was scheduled for 2022 after the usual time gap of about 3 years, but was delayed due to challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Health goal 3.5 of the SDG calls for “strengthening the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol” and has two indicators: 3.5.1 – coverage of treatment interventions (pharmacological, psychosocial and rehabilitation and care services) for disorders abuse of narcotic drugs, and indicator 3.5.2 – alcohol consumption per capita (aged 15 and over) within a calendar year in liters of pure alcohol. The WHO global survey on progress towards SDG target 3.5 was conducted in 2019-2020. Of the 194 WHO member states, 154 (79.4%) responded to the survey. WHO Global Action Plan for Alcohol 2022-2030. is a comprehensive plan to further guide the implementation of the 2010 WHO Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol with the aim of reducing alcohol-related harm worldwide.
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