Earthquakes produce golden quartz nuggets

For decades, researchers have known that earthquakes, quartz and gold are interconnected—about 75 percent of the gold in circulation today came from small nuggets that were originally buried in quartz deposits near faults. But in places where there’s no clear evidence of geochemical reactions, “the dilemma is, how do we make gold in the middle of quartz veins?” says geologist Chris Voysey.

Quartz deposits in fault zones can be subject to thousands of earthquakes, Voisy says. The shaking ground puts pressure on the deposits, generating piezoelectricity and creating cracks where gold-containing water can seep out. He then hypothesizes that it’s a straightforward redox reaction: The excess electrons from the quartz are transferred to the aqueous gold ions, reducing them and precipitating solid gold.

Once some gold is deposited, “it basically acts as a lightning rod for further reactions,” Voysey says. “That might explain why large clumps of gold form.”

Voysey built a device that mechanically filtered quartz crystals immersed in a solution containing gold. After months of trial and error, Voysey was thrilled when, using a scanning electron microscope, he found deposits of gold on the crystals.

The new work offers a fresh perspective on the relationship “between faults, earthquakes and gold deposition,” says Randy Williams, a seismologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who refereed the research. “I think this kind of thing could change the field.”

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