What is the strongest earthquake ever recorded?

Note that these are the highest magnitude earthquakes, not the ones that caused the highest death tolls or the most collateral damage.

1. Valdivia earthquake: 9.5 magnitude

The Valdivia earthquake of May 22, 1960, also known as the Great Chilean Earthquake or Gran Terremuto de Chile, remains the largest earthquake ever recorded, with a magnitude of 9.5. The earthquake struck the Bío Bío region of Chile, causing severe tremors that lasted for about 10 minutes, and triggered one tsunami after another across the Pacific Ocean.

In Chile, the death toll was estimated at about 1,600 people, about 3,000 injured, and 2 million homeless. The tsunami claimed the lives of more than 200 people in coastal areas of Hawaii, Japan and the Philippines.

The earthquake also led to the eruption of the Cordon Cauli volcano in Chile, which contributed to increased damage in the affected areas.

2. The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964: Magnitude 9.2

On March 27, 1964, southern Alaska experienced the Good Friday Earthquake, a powerful 9.2 magnitude earthquake.

It caused extensive damage in Anchorage and surrounding areas, where many buildings were destroyed by subsidence and intense shaking. This earthquake triggered a tsunami that affected coastal areas across the Pacific Ocean, from Alaska to California.

As a result of the low population density in some affected areas, the death toll remained at 131 people, although the damage caused was widespread, especially due to the main tsunami and landslides.

3. Sumatra-Andaman earthquake in 2004: 9.1 magnitude

The Indian Ocean earthquake of December 26, 2004 caused one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. The earthquake occurred off the west coast of North Sumatra, triggering a massive tsunami that affected more than a dozen countries, including Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka and India.

The tsunami waves devastated coastal areas, killing more than 230,000 people. Sumatra suffered the most widespread damage, with the tsunami sweeping away entire communities. This event led to global efforts to improve tsunami warning systems and evacuation protocols.

4. Tohoku earthquake in 2011: 9.1 magnitude

On March 11, 2011, a massive 9.1 magnitude earthquake occurred near the east coast of Honshu Island, Japan.

The severe shaking continued for more than six minutes and led to a devastating tsunami that caused severe damage along the coast of northeastern Japan. The death toll reached about 18 thousand people, and the earthquake led to the collapse of the Fukushima nuclear plant.

The tsunami waves reached the Hawaiian Islands, French Polynesia, the Galapagos Islands, and the western coast of South America. Japan learned important lessons from this event, especially regarding earthquake-resistant building codes and disaster preparedness.

5. Kamchatka earthquake in 1952: 9.0 magnitude

A 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula on November 4, 1952. Although it was one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded, the remote location of the epicenter limited the death toll to between 10,000 and 15,000 people.

The tsunami generated by the earthquake reached the Aleutian Islands and caused extensive damage to the Hawaiian Islands at a cost of approximately $17 million.

In Russia, the town of Severo-Kurilsk took a direct hit, with three waves between 50 feet (15.2 m) and 60 feet (18.3 m) high sweeping away more than a third of the 6,000 people living there at the time. The survivors rebuilt their city at a higher altitude. This event served as a reminder of the destructive power of large earthquakes, even in sparsely populated areas.

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