Focal mechanics and disaster characteristics of the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake, Japan

Newswise — In the field of earthquake engineering and disaster management, strong earthquakes in coastal peninsula areas often lead to massive losses, property damage and cascading disasters, posing major challenges to emergency response systems. On 1 January 2024, a devastating 7.6 magnitude earthquake struck the Noto Peninsula, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan – this event, as the largest earthquake observed in the Noto area since 1885, caused significant losses and revealed unique seismic characteristics (such as rare multiple strong pulse-like ground motions) that require in-depth analysis. However, current pulse-like ground motion identification methods are mainly designed for single pulses, and fail to accurately recognize multi-pulse waveforms, which limits the understanding of the destructive mechanism of earthquake and the improvement of disaster response strategies.

Therefore, a research team composed of scientists from Hebei University of Technology, Kyushu University, China Earthquake Administration, and Chengdu University of Technology conducted a study titled “Focal Mechanics and Disaster Characteristics of the 2024 M7.6 Noto Peninsula Earthquake, Japan.”

This study analyzes the characteristics of the seismic source, disaster situation, and emergency response of the earthquake using information from the first six days after the event, integrating data from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Japan Geospatial Information Service (GSI), and other institutions. The main results are as follows:

Characteristics of the seismic source: The earthquake was a thrust rupture, and the aftershocks were distributed in a northeast-directed belt with a length of 150 km. GNSS and InSAR observations revealed a large west-northwest seismic displacement near the epicenter, where the maximum horizontal displacement reached 1.2 m, and the vertical uplift reached 4 m. The two-part rift inversion model (western part: Mw 7.21, eastern part: Mw 7.30) fits the observational data well. Ground motion and density: Near the epicenter, the peak ground velocity (PGV) reached 145 cm/s, and the peak ground acceleration (PGA) reached 2,681 GPH. The seismic intensity reached JMA level 7 (equivalent to USGS MMI level 10+). Notably, multiple rare waveforms of strong pulse-like ground motion (PLGM) have been observed, with three strong pulses extracted from the east-west component of Shoin ISK002 accounting for 42.7% of the total energy of that component, but existing methods fail to identify these multiple pulse characteristics. Partially destroyed. It also caused a series of disasters: 49 slope collapses (resulting in 14 deaths), the closure of 3 sections of the Hokuriku Expressway and 29 sections of national highways, damage to railway facilities, and a severe fire in the city of Wajima that burned down more than 200 shops and residences. Emergency response: Japanese government launches multi-agency cooperation – JMA issues tsunami warning 12 minutes after earthquake; MLIT sent professional rescue teams and 92 disaster response machines; The Japanese Coast Guard used 20 patrol vessels and 5 aircraft for rescue and material transportation; GSI monitored crustal movements via satellite and aerial imaging to support disaster assessment.

The article “Focal mechanics and disaster characteristics of 2024 M 7.6 Noto Peninsula, Japan” was authored by Guang-qi CHEN, Yan-qiang WU, Ming-yao XIA, and Zhi-yuan LI. Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-024-1111-1.

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