How ripples in the upper atmosphere warned scientists of a tsunami in real time

The reason navigational satellite signals can record a tsunami is because of the up and down movement of the sea. When a tsunami begins to form in the open ocean, its waves may not be very high—perhaps between 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 inches). “They are almost invisible as they travel in the open ocean,” says Yue Cynthia Wu, a marine engineering researcher at the University of Michigan who specializes in ocean wave dynamics.

However, this churning occurs on a massive scale, moving very large amounts of water at one time. This movement displaces the air above it, disrupting the atmosphere above, creating ripples in the layer of charged particles that make up the ionosphere 30 to 190 miles above the Earth's surface. The ripples change the number of electrons in parts of the ionosphere.

“You have ion interactions, and they change temperatures, and they get out of control,” says Michael Hickey, professor emeritus of physics at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida, who has studied these atmospheric waves.

Navigation satellites use dual frequencies to communicate with ground stations on Earth, so the increase in the number of electrons in the ionosphere can cause extraordinary delays in the time it takes for these two signals to arrive. By measuring those delays, systems like Guardian can detect if something strange is going on in the ionosphere.

Atmospheric tracking raises hopes that a system like Guardian could detect tsunami waves as they appear in the open ocean

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