1993 Klamath Falls earthquake

Klamath Falls is located in southern Oregon, east of the Cascade Mountains. Colored lines show the peak ground acceleration as a percentage of the gravitational acceleration (%g) from the M 6.0 earthquake. Figure from USGS ShakeMap.

Overall, the earthquakes caused an estimated $10 million in damage, but the location of damaged buildings within Klamath Falls was highly variable. While most of the town's buildings escaped unscathed, about 1,000 buildings were damaged. The greatest impacts were on the city centre, where many brick facades collapsed. Tragically, the earthquakes also caused two deaths. A man died in a landslide caused by an earthquake that led to a rock colliding with his car, and a woman died of a heart attack.

In 1993, PNSN had a very preliminary version of a website, however even then it provided little basic information about this earthquake sequence. To view this historical document, see our old web page.

Shaking caused by the Klamath Falls earthquake measured a maximum of seventh on the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale. This level of vibration is considered very strong, can be felt by everyone who suffers from it, and is usually frightening. It usually causes minor damage to well-constructed buildings, but can cause major damage to poorly constructed or poorly designed buildings.

Fallen bricks from Swan's Bakery in downtown Klamath Falls, across from the Klamath County Courthouse. Photo by Klamath Falls Herald and News.

In contrast, well-built wooden houses bolted to their foundations performed relatively well. This demonstrates the risks posed by old unreinforced stone buildings in earthquakes to life and property.

The earthquake is a reminder that properly preparing for a devastating earthquake can save lives and reduce damage. Rehabilitation of old buildings, especially unreinforced masonry buildings, and mitigation of non-structural risks can significantly reduce the risks to human life and property during an earthquake. In addition, individuals should make sure they know what to do during and after an earthquake. If you feel shaky, drop, cover, and hold still. Have an emergency kit prepared and accessible. Earthquakes like Klamath Falls don't have to be devastating; Simple preparation steps can significantly reduce injuries, loss of life and damage.

For more information on how to prepare for an earthquake, visit this page: Preparedness.

Klamath Falls lies on the edge of the Basin and Range County, a vast geological region that covers much of the interior western United States. This region is characterized by wide, low valleys and parallel mountain ranges from north to south, each bounded by faults.

A map showing the geography of the basin and extent. Figure from the National Park Service.

This distinct geomorphology is due to the slow expansion of the Earth's crust. The pelvic area and range are slowly disintegrated like candy. As the underlying tectonic plates expand, the hot inner mantle beneath them begins to rise. This causes the top plate to rise, thin, and break into defects. A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Along these fault lines, basins sink slowly and mountain ranges slowly rise.

Geology of the basin and range. Figure from the National Park Service.

The combined forces of crustal expansion and mantle uplift have divided the Basin and Range region into hundreds of subducting valleys and parallel high mountain ranges over the past 30 million years. Klamath Falls is located in one of those valleys near the West Klamath Lake Rift Zone. As the valley sinks and the surrounding hills rise, pressure and friction slowly build up along the fault that separates these masses of rock. Eventually, when the compressive stresses on these faults become strong enough, the rock blocks slide over each other. This movement unleashes waves of energy that we call earthquakes.

While basin and ridge faults typically cause moderate-magnitude earthquakes, these earthquakes can be very destructive because they occur at a relatively shallow depth. The Klamath Falls earthquakes occurred 6 miles below the Earth's surface. Fortunately, during this event, the slip occurred in a relatively remote portion of the West Klamath Lake fault zone, as opposed to another fault segment that runs directly through the city. If the 1993 earthquake had struck the latter, the effects on society would have been much more devastating.

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