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Arctic earthquake triggers large avalanches and Serac Falls » Explorersweb
Last week, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Hubbard Glacier, on the border of Alaska and Yukon. Now, field work by the Yukon Geological Survey (YGS) has revealed local avalanches and serac falls. Hubbard Glacier's response to this quake offers warnings for mountaineers climbing on a warming planet.
2025 earthquake of the year
The earthquake originated near King George Mountain, where rockslides and avalanches can be seen with the naked eye. Photo: YGS
If an earthquake occurred in a densely populated area, the 2025 Hubbard Glacial Earthquake could easily kill thousands of people. Instead, he did not kill anyone. In the off-season, American Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Canada's Kluane National Park are abandoned by humans. Despite their regional lines, both are located on the Hubbard Glacier, a roughly 100-kilometre-long stretch of ice that begins at Mount Hubbard and ends at Decension Bay.
The recent earthquake struck at a depth of only five kilometers below the surface of the ice, and its magnitude reached 7 on the Richter scale. The strength of earthquakes is measured on a logarithmic scale, such that a magnitude 7 earthquake displaces the ground 10 times more than a magnitude 6 earthquake, and so on. For example, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, which remains the deadliest in U.S. history, probably had a magnitude of about 7.9.
The reason is not clear
YGS found the remains of several avalanches near the epicenter. Photo: YGS
Understanding how and why an earthquake occurs requires rapid follow-up. A lot of this comes from local witnesses through systems like Did You Feel It? Their reports help determine the epicenter of the earthquake. If aftershocks follow a line, they can also identify the fault line responsible. But in the case of the Hubbard Glacier earthquake, the aftershocks clustered along a 65-kilometre-long bubble, rather than a clear line that pinpoints where the fault occurred.
There are many possible explanations for this, as explained in this great article. The first is that multiple mechanisms caused this earthquake, triggering smaller earthquakes along other fault lines nearby. These mechanisms can include one plate sliding next to another, one plate sliding under another, or more exotic events such as magma bubbling.
Another possibility is that placing Hubbard Glacier along a geological transition zone — from classical plate shifting to the north, to one plate subducting beneath another to the south — leads to chaotic, chaotic behavior. Finally, it is also possible that some of the aftershocks were not earthquakes at all, but rather local icequakes.
New results from the Yukon Geological Survey
View of Mount King George with the greatest rockfall activity. Photo: YGS
YGS posted the initial results of its follow-up survey on Facebook. In this post, they mention that the dramatic event was one tectonic plate sliding two meters relative to its neighbor at once. That's a lot of fault slip, but the team hasn't pinpointed where the ground has been torn apart.
Their results do not provide conclusive answers regarding the intensity of aftershocks. But whether or not the quake triggered glacial quakes, it certainly disrupted the glacial environment around 3,741-meter King George Mountain at the epicenter. When the YGS team arrived in the area shortly after the earthquake, they found dust suspended in the air from recent rockfall.
Emerging from the epicenter, they find numerous avalanches and ice avalanches, as well as evidence that Serac has recently fallen. But the damage to Mount King George was severe.
“It is fortunate that this event did not occur during the mountaineering season, as earthquake-triggered avalanches have caused fatalities in the past,” they wrote. “Glacier damage in the area and continued rockfall from landslide scars may pose new additional risks for mountaineering and skiing expeditions in the area.”
A threat to mountaineers
Serac is caught in the middle of an avalanche on the Hubbard Glacier. Photo: YGS
The response of glaciers to shallow earthquakes is a pressing issue for mountaineers as global temperatures rise. When glaciers melt, the water runs downstream and rejoins the sea. Without the weight of ice above it, the Earth's crust rises. This process, known as isostatic rebound, is also responsible for some of Everest's current upward growth.
The isostatic rebound has occurred gradually over the past 20,000 years, since the end of the last ice age. It causes earthquakes all over the world, some of which lead to avalanches. Human-induced climate change exacerbates this effect. As glaciers melt at unprecedented rates, low-level seismic activity appears to have increased beneath the Greenland ice sheet.
Geologists and glaciologists can use events like the Hubbard Glacier Earthquake to better understand seismic warning signs of ice and snow hazards. This information will likely be incorporated into mountaineering projects in the same way that weather forecasting is done today. But for now, YGS has issued a call for athletes to help scientists, not the other way around.
“If any mountaineers or skiers have photos of Mount King George prior to these slides, we would love to hear from you! Pre-event photos will help us estimate the total landslide size. Please send any relevant photos to [email protected].”
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