Rebound earthquakes do not need complex faults

Large earthquakes often release energy in complex ways, and some even produce rebound ruptures that reverse direction within seconds during the same event. Such reflections can lead to stronger shaking because the fault releases energy in several bursts rather than one continuous motion. Previously, it was assumed that this behavior required geometrically complex faults with bends or branches.

Sun and Catania [2026] Show instead that faults can naturally alternate between continuous slip and short, mobile slip pulses. When a rupture transitions between these modes, it can spontaneously generate a backward-moving front that fills the gaps in the slip. Rebound earthquakes can occur on simple, straight faults when three common conditions coincide: friction that dampens velocity, rupture that begins at one end rather than the center, and faults large enough for rupture to spread to areas of lower stress. Their model predicts that earthquakes with slower rupture velocities and lower pressure drops are more likely to produce these reflections, consistent with characteristics observed in real events (e.g., the 2016 Mw 7.1 Taitung earthquakes and the 2021 Taitung earthquake).

Related Videos: What determines the impact of an earthquake?

Here are five main factors that affect the impact of an earthquake: 1) the magnitude or magnitude of the earthquake, 2) the depth of the seismic activity, 3) the local geological conditions, 4) the density of the affected area, and 5) the quality of construction.

Because these conditions are so common in nature, rebound earthquakes may be much more common than we can typically detect, and the results provide physical evidence to identify these hard-to-detect events. Although the study is theoretical, its results provide important insight into why large earthquakes behave in unexpectedly complex ways and how this complexity can affect seismic hazards.

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