Volcano Watching: The Key to Kilauea: Using Hawaiian Volcano Eruptions to Understand Volcanic Activity in Northern California

The USGS has 5 volcanic observatories tasked with monitoring low to high threat volcanoes across the United States.

Some of the areas observed by volcanology observatories have had geologically “ young ” volcanic eruptions and yet are old enough to lack written documentation, eyewitnesses, or direct accounts. This creates a dilemma for geologists interested in how and how long a future volcanic eruption will occur.

The magmas that erupt from these different regions form in different ways, and volcanic eruptions can range from days, weeks, months, and years to several decades. The U.S. Geological Survey volcano observatories, which include the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, the Cascades Volcano Observatory, the Alaska Volcano Observatory, the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, and the California Volcano Observatory, monitor various types of volcanoes and eruptions – from Mount St. Low fluidity of the more recent eruptions at Kilauea and Mauna Loa, where the more liquid lava moves relatively easily downhill.

California, for example, has a classic-looking mountain stratovolcano of Mount Shasta and the Large Caldera in Long Valley, but neither has historically erupted despite evidence of small geological activity. The most recent volcano eruption in California was from 1914 to 1917 at Lassen Peak, creating a lava dome and related ash deposits, in what is now Lassen Volcanic National Park. The area east of Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak is relatively flat but contains “ young ” lava flows.

Brushy Butte volcano is part of this area, and recent field research shows that it contains at least 29 volcanic deposits consisting of scoria cones and lava scattering and flow. One of the outstanding questions surrounding Brushy Butte Volcano is how long did it take for these 29 cones and lava flows to erupt?

The problem is that Brushy Butte’s eruptions occurred approximately 35,000 years ago, and to answer this question, CalVO geologists used the ancient geological axiom “unification” or “the present is the key to the past” This describes the theory that the geological processes that are occurring now are likely to It has occurred in the past, especially the recent past. To better understand how Brushy Butte erupted and how long it might take, active volcanoes of the same type and setting were used as isotopes.

Brushy Butte volcano is located in a rift zone, and the type of magma that erupted there is called tholitic basalt. Kilauea and Mauna Loa, although not quite the same, are close in that their lava usually erupts from the rift areas and is usually of a similar type of tholitic basalt. Therefore, recent eruptions from these volcanoes in Hawaii offer a promising glimpse of how lava erupted from Brushy Butte volcano and how long it might last.

One of the most useful tools used to understand Brushy Butte’s revolutions is a method called Light Detection and Ranging or more commonly referred to as LiDAR. The resulting data set creates a detailed image of the lava flow surface that shows the different ground shapes created when a volcano erupts and the lava moves downward, away from its vents.

Much like a river, lava flows can develop canals, embankments, and channels of penetration over the tops of their dams and reservoirs that form lava pools and delayed lava. These different features are created by pyroclastic flows at different time periods.

Hawaiian volcanoes are very active, and in particular, the decades-long eruption of Pu’u ‘O’o volcano in the Middle East rift zone at Kilauea demonstrated the many forms of terrain that can form basalt-tholithic and on any type of time frame. Using Pu’u ‘O’o as an analog, CalVO geologists have estimated that the 29 converging vents and lava flows of Brushy Butte volcano erupted over a period of at least 20 years based on the different terrestrial forms of pyroclastic flows that were created and placed around the interior of the volcano .

Streams of basaltic lava in Hawaii and California behave in similar ways. HVO observations from observing the Pu’u ‘O’o 35-year eruption helps geologists understand the processes and time frames that could lead to some volcanic terrain. Kilauea is a natural laboratory for energetic processes that helps provide the key to understanding how volcanic deposits formed elsewhere in the past!

Volcano activity updates

Kilauea volcano does not erupt. The USGS Volcano Alert Level remains at NORMAL (https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/about-alert-levels). Kilauea updates are released monthly.

Kilauea monitoring data for last month show variable but typical rates of earthquakes and ground deformation, low rates of sulfur dioxide emissions, and only slight geological changes since the end of volcanic activity in September 2018. The lake of water at the bottom of Halema’uma continues to expand and deepen slowly. For the most recent information on the lake, see https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/Kilauea/k-lauea-summit-water-resources.

Mauna Loa does not erupt and is still at Volcano Alert Level. This alert level does not imply that an eruption is imminent or that progression to an outbreak from the current level of disturbance is certain. Mauna Loa updates are released weekly.

Last week, around 26 small-scale earthquakes were recorded under the upper elevations of Mauna Loa; Most of these occurred at shallow depths of less than 8 km (about 5 miles). GPS measurements show a slow rise in long-term summit magnification, consistent with the magma supply of the volcano’s shallow storage system. The gas concentrations and fumarol temperatures as measured at both the sulfur cone and the summit remain stable. Web cameras do not show any changes to the landscape. For more information on the current monitoring of Mauna Loa volcano, see: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna-loa/monitoring.

There have been 3 events with 3 or more hairy reports on the Hawaiian Islands over the past week: A 5 km (3 mi) SSW earthquake from a volcano at a depth of 1 km (1 mi) on November 11 at 4:05 pm HST, M2.9 earthquake 9 km (5 mi) northwest of Kailua Kona at a depth of 2 km (-1 mi) on November 10 at 10:33 p.m. HST, M1.9 earthquake 8 km (4 mi) WNW from Kallua at a depth of 7 km (4 mi) on Nov 7 at 4:50 PM HST.

HVO continues to monitor Kilauea and Mauna Loa closely for any signs of increased activity.

Please visit the HVO website to see previous Volcano Watch articles, Kilauea and Mauna Loa updates, volcano photos, maps, recent earthquake information, and more. Questions emailed to [email protected].

Volcano Watch is a weekly article and activity update written by the scientists and affiliates of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the US Geological Survey.

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