Ask vaguely: When an earthquake occurs, what is liquefaction? | Canberra Times

News, latest news, Dr. Behzad Fathy, Rod Taylor, Fuzzy logic

In an earthquake, due to liquefaction, the soil suddenly loses its strength and hardness. Muddy soil such as porridge has piles of lentils, peas, or chickpeas, but no starch to hold them together. Liquefaction occurs by rapid vibration of non-sticky materials such as saturated sand or silt. Clay and other dense soils are not susceptible to liquefaction because they do not easily lose strength and toughness during shaking. The loose soil consists of an interconnected series of semi-stable grains. It carries the load of structures such as buildings as well as the weight of the soil above. Below is perhaps the deepest and most stable ground. When an earthquake strikes, the soil grains dissolve so that they slip against each other and lose contact. Continuous grain chains are broken. Therefore, both vertical and horizontal stresses are transferred to the water, which becomes compressed. This forms a swampy compact fluid with soil grains submerged inside. It flows from the ground from low pressure points or migrates to the surrounding land, resulting in instability that can last several hours after an earthquake. Even underground pipelines may float due to liquefaction because the soil does not have sufficient strength and rigidity to stabilize the pipes. Standing on loose, wet sand during a strong earthquake can be a frightening experience. The ground will move, and you may also see ripple waves across the surface. Then it starts to sink, and when the dust settles, depending on your weight and how deep the loose sand is, you may need an oxygen mask and diving equipment to stay alive! This is also what happens to structures such as buildings and roads that stand on saturated loose sand. When the soil loses hardness and strength, it fails or is greatly stabilized within seconds. On many occasions, once this pressurized water exits the soil (so you can see a puddle of water at the surface), the ground below stabilizes and returns to a solid state, stronger than the pre-earthquake state. But by that time, part of the structure sank into the mud. To prevent liquefaction under road and building embankments, the soil can be pre-compacted or viscous and cementitious materials such as lime or Portland cement can be added to the soil. Alternatively, building foundations can be designed to bypass liquefied soil by using piles and passing structural loads from the surface to deep solid ground. The Fuzzy Logic Science Show takes place at 11 AM Sunday at 2xx 98.3 FM. Send your questions to [email protected] TwitterFuzzyLogicSci Podcast FuzzyLogicOn2xx.Podbean.com

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December 6, 2020 – 12:30 a.m.

Buildings located on loose saturated sand are most at risk during liquefaction. Photo: Shutterstock

In an earthquake, due to liquefaction, the soil suddenly loses its strength and hardness. Muddy soil such as porridge has piles of lentils, peas, or chickpeas, but no starch to hold them together.

Liquefaction occurs by rapid vibration of non-sticky materials such as saturated sand or silt. Clay and other dense soils are not susceptible to liquefaction because they do not easily lose strength and toughness during shaking.

The loose soil consists of an interconnected series of semi-stable grains. It carries the load of structures such as buildings as well as the weight of the soil above. Below is perhaps the deepest and most stable ground.

When an earthquake strikes, the soil grains dissolve so that they slip against each other and lose contact. Continuous grain chains are broken. Therefore, both vertical and horizontal stresses are transferred to the water, which becomes compressed.

This forms a swampy compact fluid with soil grains submerged inside. It flows from the ground from low pressure points or migrates to the surrounding land, resulting in instability that can last several hours after an earthquake.

Even underground pipelines may float due to liquefaction because the soil does not have sufficient strength and rigidity to stabilize the pipes.

Standing on loose, wet sand during a strong earthquake can be a frightening experience. The ground will move, and you may also see ripple waves across the surface. Then it starts to sink, and when the dust settles, depending on your weight and how deep the loose sand is, you may need an oxygen mask and diving equipment to stay alive!

This is also what happens to structures such as buildings and roads that stand on saturated loose sand. When the soil loses hardness and strength, it fails or is greatly stabilized within seconds.

On many occasions, once this pressurized water exits the soil (so you can see a puddle of water at the surface), the ground below stabilizes and returns to a solid state, stronger than the pre-earthquake state. But by that time, part of the structure sank into the mud. To prevent liquefaction under road and building embankments, the soil can be pre-compacted or viscous and cementitious materials such as lime or Portland cement can be added to the soil. Alternatively, building foundations can be designed to bypass liquefied soil by using piles and passing structural loads from the surface to deep solid ground.

Dr. Behzad Fathy is from the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Technology, Sydney

The Fuzzy Logic Science Show takes place at 11 AM Sunday at 2xx 98.3 FM.

Send your questions to [email protected] TwitterFuzzyLogicSci Podcast FuzzyLogicOn2xx.Podbean.com

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