Unique Record: 220,000 Years of Earthquake History

A 457-meter-long ‘Data Treasure’ in the form of a core drilled from the Dead Sea provides a unique insight into the history of past earthquakes. These results are essential for improving seismic risk assessment. Yin Luo is an expert in paleontology and has recently joined the sedimentary geology research group in the geology department.

Earthquakes are among the most devastating natural disasters on our planet. Especially large earthquakes greater than magnitude 7 are considered extremely dangerous. In order to understand the dynamics behind earthquakes, it is necessary to look at the past. However, this view does not go far, as reliable seismic records are only about 100 years old, and historical data are insufficient in this regard. So researchers rely on digging cores from sediment deposits from deep seas or even lakes to obtain accurate prehistoric data. “The different layers of sediments deposited year after year on the floor of our lakes and oceans provide long-term information about climatic and environmental conditions, but they also record the disturbances caused by the vibration of a strong earthquake that occurred long ago, in prehistoric times. Knowledge about these past events can help In understanding the occurrence of earthquakes better and providing basic information for assessing the risk of future earthquakes, ”says Professor Michael Strasser, Chair of the Sedimentary Geology Working Group at the Department of Geology and the Austrian Core Facility for Basic Scientific Analysis at the University of Innsbruck. “In light of this, the core from the Dead Sea, which my colleague Yin Luo is analyzing now in Innsbruck, is an impressive and extremely valuable dataset for our research work.”

Dead Sea Archive

The Dead Sea fault between the African and Arab plates is one of the most famous earthquake faults on Earth. The Dead Sea lies roughly in the middle of this rift, and at 434 meters below sea level, it is the lowest place on Earth. Ten years ago, the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP) was implemented there to drill a core from the Dead Sea 300 meters deep, 457 meters long and covering a period of 220,000 years in its sediments. “From the clay sediment structures, we can see when severe earthquakes occurred and how strong they are,” says Yin Lu.

Luo has been working in the Geology department since October 1, 2020, conducting research on different types of earthquake-related structures in this core of the drilling over the next few years as part of the Lise Meitner of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) program in the “DeadSeaQuakeRec” project hosted by Ass. Professor Jasper Murnout. Yin Lu has already worked extensively on this topic during his tenure in the geophysics department at Tel Aviv University. The first results were recently published in the journal Science Advances.

Strong earthquakes in short periods

In cooperation with his international colleagues, Yin Luo identified more than 400 sedimentary deformations in the crater core indicating an earthquake. The first results were recently published in the journal Science Advances. Strong earthquakes are rare. However, since the mechanical records do not go back for a long time, we know very little about a potential cycle of powerful earthquakes, ”explains Law.“ In sedimentary deposits from the Dead Sea, we can see a strikingly irregular recurrence of large earthquakes during 220,000. A year ago, with an average return time of less than 1,400 years. This rhythm is much shorter than previously seen, so seismic risk in this region is underestimated. Until now, research has assumed that strong earthquakes occur every 11,000 to 7,000 years Roughly, “the geologist describes one of the main findings of the recent study. Work on this fossil seismometer will continue intensively in the coming years. Researchers already have many plans for future research work during the establishment of Yin Lu: “For example, we will analyze this unique record using ultra-fine basic scanners and also link our findings to the climatic developments that led to drastic changes in the lake level in the Dead Sea,” Jasper Mornout adds.

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