Earthquake Areas in India and the Delhi Location: Tectonic Faults Explained and City Classification

Delhi is in the fourth (earthquake-prone) seismic zone Zone 4 & nbsp | & nbsp Image source: & nbspiStock Images

Geological terminology and science apart from the research paper presented by a team of academics and students of IIT-Kanpur provided a simplified explanation of the plate tectonics model in India.

It shows how India lies at the northwestern end of the Indo-Australian Plate, which includes India, Australia, a large part of the Indian Ocean, and other smaller countries.

“This plate collides with the huge Eurasian plate and taps under the Eurasian plate. This process of introducing a tectonic plate under the other is called subduction. The sea, Tethys, separated these plates before they collided,” says the IIT-Kanpur paper.

The changing geology at different locations of the country indicates that the probability of destructive earthquakes in different locations is different. Thus, a map of the seismic zone is required to define these regions.

Earlier, based on intensity levels achieved by past damaging earthquakes, the 170th version of the region map divided India into 5 seismic zones.

(Map credit: IIT-Kanpur) The seismic zone maps are revised from time to time as we gain more understanding of the geology.

Indian standards introduced the first seismic zone map in 1962 and then revised it again in 1967 and 1970.

According to the 2002 revised seismic zone map, India now has only 4 seismic zones. Accordingly, a number of cities were transferred on paper to the region to which they belonged according to the revised map.

The National Seismic Zone map provides an extensive view of seismic zones in the country. Local differences in soil type and geology cannot be represented at this scale. Therefore, for important projects, such as the Great Dam or the nuclear power plant, the seismic hazard is assessed specifically for this site. Also, for urban planning purposes, urban areas are divided into small areas. Microscopic microscopic accounts of local variation in geology, local soil profiles etc.

The four seismic zones in India:

The Bureau of Indian Standards has classified the regions in India into four seismic zones based on historical seismic activity. These are regions II, III, IV and V. Among these regions, region V is the most seismically active and region II is the least active. According to the modified Mercalli scale, the intensity of the seismic zone is classified as Zone II (low-intensity zone), Zone III (zone of moderate intensity), Zone IV (high-intensity zone) and Zone V (very high-intensity zone)

Fifth region: the entire northeast of India, parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Rann of Kutch in Gujarat and parts of northern Bihar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Fourth Region: The remaining parts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Delhi area – NCR, Sikkim, northern parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal, parts of Gujarat and small parts of Maharashtra near the west coast and Rajasthan.

Region III: Goa, Kerala, Lakshadweep, the remaining parts of Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, West Bengal, parts of Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

The second region: the parts that are not within the above-mentioned areas.

Major Indian cities and their earthquake zones:

District V cities – Guwahati and Srinagar (District V) Region IV cities – Delhi, Patna, Dehradun, Jamnagar, Mirot, Jammu, Amritsar and Jalandhar Region III cities – Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, Pune, Bhawandi, Nashik, Greater Mumbai, Thane, Bhubaneswar, Kotak, Chennai, Asansol, Coimbatore, Agra, Varanasi, Barili, Lucknow, Kanpur, Kolkata, Indore, Jabalpur, Vijaywada, Danbad, Mangalore, Kochi, Kozhikode, Trivandrum.

Earthquakes in the past near Delhi:

Delhi and the surrounding area have suffered from earthquakes since ancient times. This has been highlighted in a series of papers by geologists. However, historical earthquake records start only from 1720AD. The modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) for this event was estimated to be IX in present-day Old Delhi district.

A violent shock was felt from MMI = IX near Mathura on September 1, 1803. A major earthquake occurred near Bolandshahr on October 10, 1956. An earthquake known as the Gurgaon earthquake with force VII occurred on August 27, 1960 near Sohna, about 60 km southeast of Delhi . An event of magnitude 4.0 was recorded on July 28, 1994. On February 28, 2001 and April 28, 2001, Delhi was hit by two minor earthquakes of magnitude 4 and 3.8, respectively, of local origin. Earthquakes in distant Himalayas such as Kangra on April 4, 1905, and Uttarkashi on October 19, 1991, are said to have shaken Delhi to the sixth and fifth magnitudes, respectively. The intensity of the feeling for the last Shamuli earthquake on 28 March 1999 was the sixth in Delhi. It is noted from the above discussion that Delhi is influenced by local events as well as events from the Himalayas. The seismic zoning map of India (IS1893-2002) represents a fairly large area including Delhi to be in the fourth region. Earthquakes are events of low likelihood but very high levels of risk to society.

Delhi seismic background:

The terrain of Delhi is generally flat with the exception of the NNE-SSW mountain range. This is one of the defining features of Delhi. This is an extension of the Aravalli Hill, buried under the Yamuna silt in the northern parts of Delhi. I draw a lot of data and conclusions here from the notable scientific work entitled SEISMIC HAZARD MAPPING OF DELHI CITY which was presented at the 13th World Earthquake Engineering Conference, Vancouver, Canada on August 1-6, 2004 by RN Iyengar and S Ghosh who are Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Science, Bangalore and Research Student, Indian Institute of Science, respectively (sourced from the internet).

The Yamuna River, another prominent feature of Delhi, enters the city from the north and flows south with an eastern bend near Ucla. This path forms a triple junction with the Lahore-Delhi Ridge and Delhi-Haridwar Ridge. This region is seismically active and shows intermittent activity aligned in the NNE-SSW direction, nearly perpendicular to the Himalayan arc.

Aside from local tectonic faults, the proximity of the Himalayan region makes Delhi vulnerable to earthquakes from Himalayan seismic sources. Hence, the control zone around Delhi is heterogeneous with regard to its seismic situation.

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