Volcano viewing: a small but remarkable intrusion of magma at the summit of Kilauea

The 2018 eruption of the Rift Near East and the collapse of the Caldera Summit marked the end of the 35-year and 10-year eruption of Bu Ou volcano from the eruption of the lava lake, and the beginning of a new chapter in Kilauea volcano activity. The volcano continues to behave in ways that are in response to major events of 2018 and a “new normal” has yet to be determined.

The range of possibilities for future events at Kilauea is wide open and any new post-eruption monitoring sparks investigation as we work to better understand the current and future state of the volcano.

One of these observations was the first post-explosion detection of a DI-event in late 2018. The return of the DI events was evidence that the shallow Halemaumau reservoir – a magma chamber about one mile below the Kilauea caldera – still contained quantities Large magma. Another important post-eruption is the formation of a water lake within Halemaumau, which has not occurred for at least 200 years and could have dangerous implications for volcanic hazards.

Recently, the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) monitoring network (HVO) recorded the first other event after a volcano erupted at the summit of Kilauea: a magma breakout. In the aftermath of the earthquake of November 30, 2020, centered at the center of Kilauea Caldera, several pulses of increased seismic activity were recorded in the Upper East Rift Zone. During the early morning hours of December 2, HVO detected another spike in earthquake rates at the summit, which continued throughout the day. Then, at around 5:45 PM, earthquake activity intensified, this time concentrated under the southern portion of Kilauea Caldera, near the edge of the new sloping eastern portion. At the same time, tilt gauges are beginning to record accelerated deformation in directions that differ from the typical patterns.

Both the swarms and the ground deformation pattern were consistent with the storming of a small dam under the southern portion of Kilauea Caldera. Dam penetration is the injection of magma into the host rock and can sometimes precede an eruption. But often, as in the case of December 2, the injection does not reach the surface.

Incursions into the summit of Kilauea have been recorded many times. A notable recent event occurred in May 2015, when the swelling of Kilauea’s shallow Halemaumau Reservoir resulted in a week of lava lake flooding and visible spray sprays from the Jaggar Museum. This ended when magma was diverted to penetrate in Kilauea’s southern caldera, resulting in the lava lake falling.

Prototypes indicate that the December 2 storm was small. It contained anywhere from 10 to 30 times less magma from infiltration in May 2015 and its volume equaled the amount of lava that erupted within just one to two hours of Fissure 8 during the 2018 eruption. However, despite its small size, it does not Still a potential guide to future behavior.

In 1974, earthquake swarms engulfed the Upper East Rift Zone and the southern part of Kilauea Caldera, as well as changes in the summit’s inclination, about 10 hours before an eruption from the Kinkakoy Crater. The eruption of 1974 produced fountains of lava 100 feet high and sent the lava flowing into the Kilauea Caldera. The eruption also opened fissures near the Luamano Crater that led to lava flowing over the Craters Road Range.

This scenario was on the minds of HVO scientists as the December 2 events unfolded and a nighttime observation was established to closely monitor the data feeds. However, as indicated by the HVO information statement on December 3, earthquake and deformation rates have slowed rapidly, and no additional signs have emerged that indicate an eruption is truly imminent. Seismic and deformation rates under Kilauea are mostly back to where they were prior to this intervention episode, although a new swarm of very small earthquakes is being monitored while this article is published for print.

Although this intrusion is small, it is a reminder that Kilauea can still be considered one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, and that the next eruption from Kilauea volcano is only a matter of time. We still face new “beginnings” in the post-2018 order that lead us towards a better understanding of this new period of activity. As always, the HVO monitors the monitoring data closely for any changes, large or small.

Volcano activity updates

Kilauea volcano does not erupt. The USGS Volcano alert level remains at NORMAL (https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/about-alert-levels). Kilauea updates are released monthly.

Kilauea observation data for last month shows variable rates of earthquakes and ground deformation, low rates of sulfur dioxide emissions, and only minor geological changes since the end of volcanic activity in September 2018. Kilauea’s December 3 information statement summarized the increase of earthquakes beneath the summit during the period from November 29 to December 3 Earth distortion rates associated with earthquakes have been a short journey from recent trends; Other monitoring data flows remained stable. The increase in seismic activity has diminished but continues; Earth deformation rates have stabilized; Other monitoring data streams remain stable and show no signs of increased activity. The lake of water at the bottom of Halima continues to expand and depth slowly. For the most recent information on the lake, see https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/Kilauea/k-lauea-summit-water-resources.

Mauna Loa does not erupt and remains at Volcano Alert Level. This alert level does not imply that an outbreak is imminent or that progression to an outbreak from the current level of disturbance is certain. Mauna Loa updates are released weekly.

Last week, around 113 small earthquakes were recorded on the Richter scale below the upper elevations of Mauna Loa; Most of these occurred at shallow depths of less than 5 miles. Slightly increased seismic activity continues on the northwestern side of Mauna Loa, which began on December 4. Last week, HVO recorded 98 earthquakes in this region. Earthquake swarms in this region previously occurred in October 2018, April 2017, July 2016, August 2015 and earlier, and do not indicate that an eruption is imminent. GPS measurements show a slow rise in long-term summit magnification, consistent with the supply of magma to the volcano’s shallow storage system. The gas concentrations and fumarole temperatures as measured at both the sulfur cone and the summit remain stable. Web cameras do not show any changes to the landscape. For more information on the current monitoring of Mauna Loa volcano, see: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna-loa/monitoring.

There were three events with three or more reports in the Hawaiian Islands over the past week: a 1.7-magnitude earthquake 6 miles east of Pahala on December 14th at 7:38 pm, a 2.2-magnitude earthquake 11 miles southeast of southeastern Waimea on 14 December at 10:40 am, and an earthquake measuring 4.4 on the Richter scale 12 miles southeast of Waimea on Dec 14 at 9:27 am

Visit https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/hawaiian-volcano-observatory for past articles on Volcano Watch, Kilauea and Mauna Loa updates, volcano photos, maps, recent earthquake information, and more. Questions emailed to [email protected].

Volcano Watch is a weekly article and activity update written by the scientists and affiliates of the US Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.

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