Ancient coral reefs reveal the world’s slowest earthquake that lasted 32 years

Most earthquakes last from seconds to minutes, but other earthquakes will reverberate slowly for days, weeks, or even months, at low frequencies that the surface may not feel. Now, researchers in Singapore have discovered the slowest earthquake ever found, which lasted 32 years.

Earthquakes are caused by stress between two tectonic plates pushing each other, which eventually builds up to the point where the rocks cannot handle and move. Most of the time this transformation is sudden and produces vibrations that can be felt on the surface and are likely to cause destruction. But at other times, the panels slide over each other more slowly, resulting in vibrations that can only be detected by very sensitive equipment.

Slow slip events (SSEs) typically last a few weeks, although some have been recorded for up to three years. But this is nothing compared to the marathon earthquake that researchers at Nanyang Technological University now discovered.

The team has been investigating some unusual ancient coral structures known as “microatolls” off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. These structures grow slowly, providing a good record of changes in sea level and land elevation in the process.

The team found signs of a natural baseline between 1738 and 1829, when spores were sinking at a steady rate of 1 to 2 mm per year. But around 1829, the rate rose suddenly, dropping at a rate of up to 10 mm per year – a shift in gears that has been linked to tectonics in previous studies. The fastest sinking lasted until about 1861, indicating a slow, record-breaking earthquake of 32 years.

Unfortunately, the prolonged roar ended with the 1861 Sumatra earthquake, a devastating event measuring 8.5 on the Richter scale that killed thousands of people. Researchers say better monitoring of these long-term earthquakes could one day provide an early warning system for these large earthquakes.

The research has been published in Nature Geoscience.

Source: Nanyang Technological University

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