Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu

About halfway between Australia and Hawaii, the Pacific island nation of Tuvalu is a isolated archipelago consisting of nine coral islands. All said, it is average height it is 2 meters (6 feet) above sea level, and its land area is about 3 percent that of New York City. As a low-lying island nation, Tuvalu faces more frequent and severe flooding as sea levels rise.

The largest island in the group, Funafuti Atoll, is featured in this image, acquired by it Was (Operational Earth Imager) active Landsat 8 in September 2023. Seven main passages allow ships to enter the atoll's central lagoon. of Funafuti Conservation Area includes reefs and islands on the western side of the atoll. To the east, the largest island of Tuvalu is home to more than half of the country's population of about 12,000 people.

Researchers turned to Funafuti for early field studies of how coral atolls form. Based on observations made on the 1831–1836 voyage of HMS BeagleCharles Darwin proposed that the origin of the islands as a ring was volcanic. According to his thinking, atolls evolved from barrier reefs that formed around extinct mid-ocean volcanoes, where corals continued to grow as the land settled.

Decades later, from 1896–1898, the Royal Society sponsored a series of expeditions to Funafuti to test Darwin's theory. The scientists drilled more than 300 meters (1,000 feet) into the carbonate rock without hitting any volcanic material. Later analysis suggested they would have to drill roughly twice as deep to reach the volcanic rock. The training site is marked with a commemorative plaque.

While the volcanic theory is still generally accepted today, some geologists have since it was debated that sea level fluctuations can drive atoll formation. According to an alternative model of atoll development, the flat-topped shores of carbonate rocks formed in shallow-water tropical environments between about 5 million and 2.5 million years ago, when global sea levels were relatively high and immovable. As the climate cooled, sea levels fell, leaving flat areas exposed. The slightly acidic rainwater would then have accumulated in the rocks and gradually dissolved them from the center outwards. When sea levels rose again, corals would colonize it outer lips raised.

Regardless of how much fluctuations in sea level affect the formation of the atoll, they are of deep concern to those living today on Funafati and the other Tuvaluan islands. Scientists expect sea levels to rise worsen the effects of tides, waves and storms, increasing the frequency and severity of periodic flooding on the islands.

of NASA Sea Level Change Team is providing scientific support for the country's efforts to adapt to these climate-related threats. In one 2023 estimate, NASA scientists reported that sea level in Tuvalu was nearly 15 centimeters (6 inches) higher than 30 years ago. The average rate of growth – 5 millimeters (0.2 inches) per year – is already 1.5 times faster than the global average and is expected to double by 2100. Much of the land surface and critical infrastructure will to fall below the mean high tide level by 2050, the report said.

NASA's Science Report is designed to advance the goals of Rising Nations Initiative, a project launched by the UN Global Center for Climate Action. He argues that increased scientific monitoring can improve planning for potentially catastrophic events. The country is already taking measures to strengthen coastal infrastructure in Funafuti and other islands through Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project.

NASA Earth Observatory image by Wanmei Liang, using Landsat data from US Geological Survey. photography by James Lewis/TCAP/UNDP. Story by Lindsey Doermann.

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