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Detailed analysis of SARS-CoV-2 etiology and COVID-19 treatment options

Detailed analysis of SARS-CoV-2 etiology and COVID-19 treatment options

 


recently Review of medical virology In the article, scientists discuss the pathogenic characteristics of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the therapeutic interventions available to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). I’m discussing. Here, the authors also identify emerging technologies and interdisciplinary approaches that play an important role in the diagnosis of COVID-19 and the discovery of antiviral drugs.

Research: SARS-CoV-2: New technology for infection mechanism and future prospects. Image Credit: Blue Planet Studio / Shutterstock.com

study: SARS-CoV-2: A new technology for infection mechanisms and future prospects. Image Credit: Blue Planet Studio / Shutterstock.com

Background

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a major public health crisis. SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus. As a respiratory virus, SARS-CoV-2 primarily attacks alveolar epithelial cells. However, SARS-CoV-2 has also been detected in other organs such as the intestine, liver, brain, heart and kidneys.

Viral entry and infection mechanism

Spike glycoproteins expressed on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 play an important role in initiating viral entry into host cells. The Spike protein It consists of two subunits, including the S1 and S2 subunits.

Within the S1 subunit, the receptor binding domain (RBD) binds to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in the host cell and initiates viral entry. Cleavage of peplomer proteins by host cell proteases such as transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS) causes dissociation between the S1 and S2 subunits, exposing the fusion peptide present in the S2 subunit. This is followed by the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane, followed by the release of viral material into the host cell.

Upon invasion, viral RNA is translated to form polyproteins, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to form a replication-transcription complex. During replication, a full-length negative sense RNA copy of the viral genome is synthesized. It serves as a template for generating a full-length positive sense RNA genome.

During transcription, subgenomic RNA encoding structural proteins is produced. Genome RNA and proteins are then assembled to form viral particles that are released from infected cells by exocytosis.

Clinical features of COVID-19

The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 can range from asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic to severe pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death.

The hyperinflammatory response is one of the major features of severe COVID-19. This condition is characterized by aberrant activation of the type 1 interferon (IFN) pathway and excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Cytokine storm..

In addition, in severe cases, T cell depletion or functional inactivation of T cells has been observed. Taken together, these factors result in damage to lung tissue and the formation of pulmonary edema.

At the systemic level, COVID-19 is characterized by a decrease in white blood cell and lymphocyte counts, and an increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Decreased CD4 + and CD8 + T cells have also been observed in severe cases.

Treatment of COVID-19

To date, no specific antiviral drug is available to treat patients with COVID-19. Several clinically approved antivirals, such as ropinavir / ritonavir, an inhibitor of the virus’s main protease, and remdesivir, which inhibits SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), have severe COVID. -19 Reused to treat patients.

However, these drugs cause a variety of reactions in both clinical trials and real-world situations. Lopinavir / ritonavir showed little therapeutic effect, while remdesivir showed some promising results, including faster recovery and improvement in symptom intensity.

At the beginning of the pandemic, several studies highlighted the potential therapeutic effects of the antimalarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. However, some large clinical trials have failed to show the clinical benefits of these drugs.

Several small molecule inhibitors, peptides, nucleic acid oligomers, and monoclonal antibodies have also been investigated as potential therapeutic interventions for COVID-19. Monoclonal antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 RBD have shown promising results. father, Convalescent plasma Treatments containing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies derived from patients who have recovered with COVID-19 have shown therapeutic effect in severely ill COVID-19 patients.

Traditional herbal medicines are also highly effective in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection. In vitro.. For this purpose, some studies have shown that when these drugs are used as adjuvant therapies, they are very powerful in increasing viral clearance, reducing inflammation and tissue damage, and improving immune function. Is shown.

COVID-19 vaccine

A wide variety of COVID-19 vaccines have been developed in record time and rate. These include messenger RNA (mRNA) based, adenoviral vector based, inactivated viruses, recombinant proteins, and DNA vaccines.

In both clinical trials and practical applications, some of these vaccines have shown high efficacy in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, symptomatic and severe COVID-19, hospitalization, and death.

New technology for SARS-CoV-2

Certain emerging technologies are also being studied for their potential to support the development of improved diagnostics and treatments for SARS-CoV-2. One example is the degradation of viral proteins using PROTACs technology.

PROTAC is a bifunctional molecule consisting of a ligand that targets viral proteins, a ligand that targets E3 ligase, and a linker. This technique has several advantages over traditional small molecule inhibitors, including the low need for reagents and high specificity and accuracy.

CRISPR-based gene editing technology is seen as a promising approach for rapid detection of viral RNA, helping with early diagnosis of COVID-19 and continuous monitoring of new viral variants.

Single nucleotide-specific programmable riboregulator (SNIPR) technology is another new approach for accurate detection of gene mutations. SNIPR technology can be used as a cost-effective, fast, accurate and portable tool for identifying single-nucleotide mutations and diagnosing COVID-19.

Journal reference:

  • Lee, S., Lee, S., Disoma, C., et al. (2022). SARS-CoV-2: A new technology for infection mechanisms and future prospects. Review of medical virology.. Doi: 10.1002 / rmv.2168..

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1/ https://Google.com/

2/ https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220403/An-in-depth-analysis-of-pathogenesis-of-SARS-CoV-2-and-therapeutic-options-for-COVID-19.aspx

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