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Future Threats from Coronavirus-Lancet Respiratory Medicine

Future Threats from Coronavirus-Lancet Respiratory Medicine

 


Coronavirus is an RNA virus that infects a variety of mammal and bird species, many of which can be transmitted between species. The CoV-229E and OC43 coronaviruses jumped from bats to intermediate species and to humans many years ago (the OC43 to human jump was thought to occur around 1898), and these viruses were Currently, it causes a cold in humans. Other coronaviruses that have recently spread to humans have caused more serious illnesses. Includes SARS-CoV that appeared in humans in 2002, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. The original host for all three viruses was bats. Immediately after the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003, the virus was found in these animals in the live game animal market in Guangdong Province (China), so the intermediate host for SARS-CoV is considered to be raccoon dogs. Was done. Samples from about 20% of humans working in these markets had antibodies to viruses like SARS, even though they had no history of illness. Therefore, the virus must have been on the market for some time before one variant evolved to efficiently infect humans. Shortly after this discovery, it was decided to ban the wild hunting animal market in Guangdong. This strategy almost certainly prevented the virus from reappearing from this reservoir, and the 2003 SARS outbreak was contained in just a few months.

Intermediate host of MERS-CoV (causing Middle East respiratory syndrome) [MERS] The disease) is dromedary, and zoonotic diseases via camels are still ongoing. All major outbreaks of MERS occur in the Middle East. However, Peiris pointed out that MERS disease, a zoonotic disease, has not yet occurred in Africa, even though 77% of the world’s dromedary population is in Africa (only 4% of dromedaries are in the Middle East). is). The virus is known to be present in Africa, as about one-third of African camel slaughterhouse workers have evidence of past infections based on T cell responses. One study found that the African virus has a lower replication efficiency in the human lungs and bronchi than the Saudi Arabian virus. This can contribute to less severe illnesses. However, MERS can be a problem because the disease is not monitored in Africa.

The intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2 (the current viral cause of the COVID-19 pandemic) is still unknown. All early 2019 cases were geographically concentrated in the seafood market in Hunan (China), and wild hunting animals were also sold. Wild hunting animals are a potential repository of risk for emerging and zoonotic diseases. A sample of hunting animals from 1941 in China identified 102 mammalian infectious viruses. Of these viruses, 65 were novel and 21 were considered to be potentially high risk to livestock and humans. Peiris highlighted the threats it faces today, including those related to the sequence of concern variants of SARS-CoV-2 (alpha, beta, delta, and omicron). Coronaviruses have high mutation rates, and these mutations allow for plasticity and adaptation, and subsequent emergence of variants. The three main factors in the emergence of mutants are increased herd immunity (either by vaccination or natural infection), which causes the virus to evade immunity. Virus persistence in immunocompromised individuals leading to the emergence of intrapatient variants; virus outflow from humans to other animals. Mutations occur, leading to partial immune avoidance. There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 was released from humans to white-tailed deer and mink and mutated in mink. In addition, other coronaviruses have spread to humans over the last decade, such as delta CoV in pigs and CoV in dogs.

Finally, Peiris discussed options for improving future pandemic avoidance and response. Both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 belong to the subgenus Salvecovirus, and potential pan-Salvecovirus vaccine development strategies for combating variants and future coronavirus pandemics. It is included. In addition, existing platform technologies should be able to develop vaccines that can be rapidly transferred to new pathogens. However, Peiris commented that the vaccine cannot be the only strategy for a future pandemic, as the first wave of illness has already occurred by the time the vaccine is deployed. Important general strategies for reducing the risk of zoonotic pandemics include measures such as reducing or banning live wildlife trade and improving ventilation in public spaces to reduce infection. Infection control measures such as. It is also important to enhance the ability to enhance disease detection and monitoring. Peiris is subject to animal-to-human virus transmission due to human activities such as population growth, deforestation, climate change, and wildlife trade, and if there are animal risk reduction measures. He emphasized that the spillover is more frequent. – Human interface does not apply. It is important to combine human health, animal health, and environmental health into one.