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Potential role of Ginkgobiloba L.folium extract in the management of COVID-19

Potential role of Ginkgobiloba L.folium extract in the management of COVID-19

 


In a recent study published in Pharmacy archiveResearchers investigated the effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba L. folium extract (EGb) in the management of severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Study: COVID-19 Ginkgo leaves in the management of severity. Image Credits: v.apl/Shutterstock.com
study: COVID-19 Ginkgo biloba in the management of severity.. Image Credits: v.apl/Shutterstock.com

Background

COVID-19 is associated with several inflammatory diseases and the development of oxidative stress in severe cases. Therefore, the development of a therapeutic approach to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that targets inflammation and oxidation will help reduce the complications of COVID-19.

Antiviral activity of EGb

Various studies have revealed the widespread antiviral activity of EGb and its effects on viral life cycle stages such as viral binding, viral entry, protein expression, and protein assembly and release. This antiviral activity is primarily observed below the cytotoxicity threshold. EGb is also known to have an inhibitory effect on influenza A and B viruses through the destruction of hemagglutinin (HA) into host cells.

In this study, the team noted that the infectivity of influenza A virus depends on the interaction of HA with neuraminidase (NA) and sialic acid present at the cell surface receptor. Gingetin, a natural biflavon isolated from GB, effectively blocks the sialidase activity of the influenza virus and prevents the virus from adsorbing to the host’s cell surface. In addition, EGb has been shown to have substantial antiviral effects against H3N2 influenza virus and hepatitis B virus.

The antiviral effect of GB has been reported to be due to the disruption of viral fusion and the protective effect that GB induces in host cells by improving its stability and reducing its permeability. In addition, studies have shown that the flavonoid isorhamnetin present in EGb can inhibit the NA and HA found in the H1N1 virus. This flavonoid also reduced autophagy induced by viral infections, reactive oxygen species production, and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases.

Anti-inflammatory effect of EGb

EGb and its constituents also show anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and activation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Various studies have shown that biflavons present in EGb, such as zincetin, significantly reduce the aberrant expression of the Akt and p38 pathways in basal epithelial cells. Biflavone can also suppress the expression of airway mucin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), causing impaired mucous fimbria clearance.

EGb has also been shown to reduce airway inflammation in asthmatics by reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and eosinophils. It also suppressed the activity of lymphocyte protein kinase α (PKC-α) and prevented the secretion of interleukin 5 (IL-5) in the epithelial cells of the respiratory system. In addition, GB’s diterpene trilactone, called ginkgolide B, reduced the inflammatory response that occurs in the airways of asthmatics by reducing the secretion of platelet-activating factor (PAF).

EGb and COVID-19

Evidence is 3 chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL)Professional) Enzymes play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 replication and are considered effective targets for SARS-CoV-2. A bioflavone called siadopiticin present in GA and EGb can sufficiently block 3CL.Professional.. In addition, the glycosylated flavonoids found in EGb also show an inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 replication by inhibiting the function of 3CL.Professional..The team also noted that the glycosylated derivative of kaempferol present in EGb has one of the highest binding energies to 3CL.Professional With SARS-CoV-2.Kaempferol inhibited 3CLProfessional By exerting modular effects on extracellular and intercellular signaling pathways.

In addition, papain-like protease (PL)ProfessionalIt was also inhibited by quercetin, the main component of EGb flavonoids.This inhibition led to suppression of SARS-CoV-2 replication through inhibition of both PLs.Professional And CLProfessional, This also resulted in relief of coagulopathy, hyperinflammatory reactions, and thrombus-promoting conditions. In addition, the channel-blocking activity of quercetin and kaempferol inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein and suppressed virus activity and proliferation.

Various studies highlight the exacerbation of the bronchial inflammatory response in patients experiencing severe COVID-19 and the important role of lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes in the progression of acute lung injury (ALI). I am. Gingetin effectively inhibits the leukotriene and prostaglandin pathways as a result of reduced phospholipase A2 enzyme activity. In short, this shows that EGb has shown great potential as a therapeutic approach to ALI.

Conclusion

Overall, research results have shown that GB formulations may serve as effective potential candidates in managing the severity of COVID-19 and its disease. Researchers believe that further clinical trial studies will validate the effectiveness of EGb in the progression of COVID-19 disease.

Journal reference:

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