Bronchiolitis: Shows promise in mice for RSV vaccine that may protect against chest infection

To Carissa Wong

vaccination show promise in protecting mice from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the pathogen that most commonly causes thoracic infectious bronchiolitis in infants.

“After years of research, we have shown that this vaccine… is a magical source to unlock immunity in infants. [in mice]say Offer Levi at Boston Children’s Hospital in Massachusetts.

Almost all children get RSV before they get it. I’m 2 years old. In both children and adults, most develop cold-like symptoms.

World wide, RSV is estimated to cause more than 59,000 deaths in children under 5 years of age each yearthere are no drugs approved to treat the bronchiolitis it causes, and there is no vaccine to prevent RSV in the first place.

To meet this vaccine need, Levi and Simon Van Harenalso at Boston Children’s Hospital, their colleagues developed a vaccine containing a key immunostimulatory molecule called an adjuvant and a fragment of a protein that RSV uses to enter cells called the F protein.

Twelve newborn mice aged 4–7 days were injected with vaccine or saline. Mice were exposed to her RSV after 7 weeks.

Approximately 2 weeks after RSV exposure, virus was detected in the lungs of saline-treated mice but not in vaccinated mice. Nasal RSV concentrations in vaccinated mice were also 100-fold lower than in control mice, suggesting that the virus more effectively infected the upper respiratory tract of unvaccinated mice.

The researchers also examined the immune response to RSV in vaccinated mice.

“The adjuvant combination reliably boosted antibody and useful T-cell responses and showed protection against RSV infection in infant mice,” says Levy.

The vaccine also generated a good immune response when tested on human blood cells taken from newborns.

One of the limitations of this study is that the mice were adults by the time the experiment was terminated. In humans, RSV causes bronchiolitis in young children. Therefore, immune responses in mice in the first few weeks of life, when mice are adults, may not apply to young children.

Researchers next want to test the vaccine on nonhuman primates and then on humans.

“Humans and mice are very different systems, but they have a lot of similarities. If all goes well, we hope to start human trials within five years,” says Levy.

Journal reference: Nature Communications, DOIs: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31709-2

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