Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Catherine Doust, Timothy C. Bates & Michelle Luciano
23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA
Pierre Fontanillas, Stella Aslibekyan, Adam Auton, Elizabeth Babalola, Robert K. Bell, Jessica Bielenberg, Katarzyna Bryc, Emily Bullis, Daniella Coker, Gabriel Cuellar Partida, Devika Dhamija, Sayantan Das, Sarah L. Elson, Teresa Filshtein, Kipper Fletez-Brant, Will Freyman, Pooja M. Gandhi, Karl Heilbron, Barry Hicks, David A. Hinds, Ethan M. Jewett, Yunxuan Jiang, Katelyn Kukar, Keng-Han Lin, Maya Lowe, Jey McCreight, Matthew H. McIntyre, Steven J. Micheletti, Meghan E. Moreno, Joanna L. Mountain, Priyanka Nandakumar, Elizabeth S. Noblin, Jared O’Connell, Aaron A. Petrakovitz, G. David Poznik, Morgan Schumacher, Anjali J. Shastri, Janie F. Shelton, Jingchunzi Shi, Suyash Shringarpure, Vinh Tran, Joyce Y. Tung, Xin Wang, Wei Wang, Catherine H. Weldon, Peter Wilton, Alejandro Hernandez, Corinna Wong & Christophe Toukam Tchakouté
Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Else Eising, Gökberk Alagöz, Barbara Molz, Margot Gerritse, Marjolein Van Donkelaar, Ellen Verhoef, Beate St Pourcain, Clyde Francks & Simon E. Fisher
Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Scott D. Gordon, Gu Zhu & Nicholas G. Martin
School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Xi’an, China
Zhengjun Wang & Jingjing Zhao
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Beate St Pourcain, Clyde Francks & Simon E. Fisher
MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Chin Yang Shapland & Beate St Pourcain
Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Riccardo E. Marioni
School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
Filippo Abbondanza, Angela Martinelli & Silvia Paracchini
Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
Joel B. Talcott
Office of the President, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
Anthony P. Monaco
Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
John F. Stein
Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
Dongnhu T. Truong & Jeffrey R. Gruen
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Richard K. Olson, Erik G. Willcutt & John C. DeFries
Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Richard K. Olson, Erik G. Willcutt & John C. DeFries
Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
Bruce F. Pennington
Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Shelley D. Smith
Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Margaret J. Wright
Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
Andrea G. Allegrini, Robert J. Plomin & Kaili Rimfeld
Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
Till F. M. Andlauer, Alessandro Gialluisi & Bertram Müller-Myhsok
Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine,Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Till F. M. Andlauer
Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Cathy L. Barr
Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Cathy L. Barr, Kirsten Blokland, Maureen W. Lovett, Kaitlyn M. Price & Margaret Wilkinson
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Cathy L. Barr & Kaitlyn M. Price
Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Manon Bernard & Zdenka Pausova
Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Milene Bonte
Netherlands Twin Register, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Dorret I. Boomsma & Elsje van Bergen
Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Dorret I. Boomsma, Eveline L. de Zeeuw, Jouke-Jan Hottenga & Elsje van Bergen
Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Dorret I. Boomsma
Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Thomas Bourgeron
CNRS UMR 3571, Université de Paris, Paris, France
Thomas Bourgeron
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Daniel Brandeis
Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Daniel Brandeis
Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Daniel Brandeis
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Daniel Brandeis
Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (BCBL), Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
Manuel Carreiras
Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
Manuel Carreiras
Lengua Vasca y Comunicación, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
Manuel Carreiras
Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Fabiola Ceroni
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
Fabiola Ceroni & Dianne F. Newbury
Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Valéria Csépe
Multilingualism Doctoral School, Faculty of Modern Philology and Social Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
Valéria Csépe
Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Philip S. Dale
Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Peter F. de Jong
Leenaards Memory Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Jean Francois Démonet
Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Yu Feng, Kaitlyn M. Price & Karen G. Wigg
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Marie-Christine J. Franken
Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
Alessandro Gialluisi
Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Sharon L. Guger & Elizabeth N. Kerr
Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK
Marianna E. Hayiou-Thomas
Departamento de Psicología Clínica Psicobiología y Metodología, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
Juan Hernández-Cabrera
Department of Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Charles Hulme
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Philip R. Jansen & Henning Tiemeier
Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Philip R. Jansen
Department of Human Genetics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Philip R. Jansen
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Juha Kere
Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
Juha Kere
Department of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Elizabeth N. Kerr
Department of Paediatrics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Elizabeth N. Kerr & Maureen W. Lovett
Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Tanner Koomar & Jacob J. Michaelson
Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Karin Landerl
BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
Karin Landerl
Cognitive Neuroscience Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Gabriel T. Leonard
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Zhijie Liao
Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
Heikki Lyytinen
Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Urs Maurer
Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
Nazanin Mirza-Schreiber
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
Kristina Moll & Gerd Schulte-Körne
Speech and Language, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Angela T. Morgan & Sheena Reilly
Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Angela T. Morgan
Speech Pathology Department, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Angela T. Morgan
Department of Health Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Bertram Müller-Myhsok
Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Markus M. Nöthen
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Tomas Paus
Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Tomas Paus
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Tomas Paus
Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Zdenka Pausova
School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Craig E. Pennell & Carol A. Wang
Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Craig E. Pennell & Carol A. Wang
Maternity and Gynaecology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Craig E. Pennell
Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, EHESS, CNRS, Paris, France
Franck Ramus
Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
Sheena Reilly
Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
Louis Richer
Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Chin Yang Shapland
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Nuala H. Simpson, Margaret J. Snowling & Kate E. Watkins
St John’s College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Margaret J. Snowling
Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
John F. Stein
Departments of Statistical Sciences and Computer Science and Division of Biostatistics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Lisa J. Strug
Program in Genetics and Genome Biology and The Centre for Applied Genomics, Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Lisa J. Strug
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Henning Tiemeier
Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
J. Bruce Tomblin
Research Institute LEARN!, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Elsje van Bergen
Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Marc P. van der Schroeff
Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Marc P. van der Schroeff
Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Andrew J. O. Whitehouse
M.L., S.E.F., T.C.B. and N.G.M. conceived the study, with M.L. overseeing general analysis and A.A. overseeing 23andMe analysis. C.D., P.F., E.E., G.A., S.D.G., Z.W., B.M. and M.L. performed statistical and/or downstream annotation analysis. R.E.M. advised C.D. on some analysis. C.D. drafted the manuscript, with sections contributed by P.F., E.E., G.A., Z.W. and M.L. B.S.P., C.F. and S.E.F. supervised the GenLang GWAS. J.Z. managed the Chinese Reading Study. S.P., J.B.T., A.P.M. and J.F.S. managed the UKDys study. J.R.G., R.K.O., E.G.W., J.C.D., B.F.P. and S.D.S. managed the CLDRC study. M.J.W., T.C.B. and N.G.M. managed the Australian adolescent twin studies. M.L., T.C.B., S.E.F. and N.G.M. managed the Australian adult reading study. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript.
