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Immune responses from vaccination and/or natural infection against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant

Immune responses from vaccination and/or natural infection against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant

 


In a recent study posted on Bio Rxiv*Preprint server, investigators comparatively assessed neutralizing antibody (Ab) titers for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Individuals infected with ancestral B.1 (D614G) strain, vaccinated, or hybrid (combined) immunity from breakthrough infection (BTI) and vaccinated with delta or gamma VOCs.

Study: Vaccine and BTI-induced pleomicron immunization neutralize omicron sublineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 more effectively than pleomicron infection alone. Image Credit: Kateryna Kon/Shutterstock
study: Vaccine and BTI-induced pleomicron immunization neutralize omicron sublineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 more effectively than pleomicron infection aloneImage Credit: Kateryna Kon/Shutterstock

Background

Vaccines are threatened by continued emergence of Omicron sub-VOCs Effectiveness and ensured the development of new and updated anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. To guide policy decisions and improve preparedness against COVID-19, it is important to assess the cross-neutralization of immune responses induced by vaccination and/or natural infection.

About research

In the present study, researchers compared Omicron BTI and/or pre-vaccination immune responses with Omicron’s novel subvariants BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5.

The team included 58 unvaccinated and D614G-infected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (convalescent serum), 14 booster-vaccinated (3 doses), 16 vaccinated and delta-infected (n= 14). or gamma-infected (n=2) BTI patients to D614G, Delta and Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.4/5 strains.

Unvaccinated individuals became infected between March and July 2020, and BTI patients became infected between 15 July and 20 September 2021. Triple COVID-19 vaccinees received a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) booster dose between October 2021 and January 2022. COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in all patients.

Vero-E6 cells and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)- ttransmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) cells were used for cell culture experiments. Multiplex assays containing SARS-CoV-2 antigens [nucleocapsid (N), spike (S), receptor-binding domain (RBD), N-terminal domain (NTD)] and S from other CoVs [SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), OC43, HKU1] and influenza A hemagglutinin H3 were used to measure anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) Ab titers.

Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) were obtained from participants for virological assays and next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed. To assess SARS-CoV-2 VOC and sub-VOC neutralization, we performed live virus neutralization assays and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pseudotype-based neutralization assays. 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID)50), half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), and 50% neutralization titer (NT50) values ​​have been determined.

result

All Omicron sub-VOCs showed extensive immune evasion from sera of all participants compared to D614G and Delta, although to varying extents based on sera origin. BA.1. COVID-19 convalescent patients failed to neutralize Omicron BA.1 sub-VOC and partially neutralized Omicron BA.2 and BA.4/5. Sera from vaccinated individuals partially neutralized the Omicron BA.2 sub-VOC, but not BA.1 and BA.4/5.

BTI patient sera showed similar neutralization titers for all Omicron sub-VOCs. BTI patient sera and convalescent sera showed the highest and lowest neutralizing potencies, respectively, against all Omicron sub-VOCs. NT50The :Ab ratio (Ab avidity) was significantly higher in BTI patients than in convalescent patients.

Moderate COVID-19 recoverers had better neutralization responses. BA.1 and BA.2 showed the highest resistance and sensitivity, respectively, to all sera. Omicron BA.5 evaded neutralizing responses in vaccinated individuals better than natural and hybrid immune-induced responses.

Among those who have recovered from COVID-19, NT50 The geometric mean titers (GMT) of B.1 (125) and Delta (153) were comparable. Even at a serum concentration of 1:40, 33% and 39% of individuals failed to neutralize Omicron B.1 and Delta, respectively. NT50 The GMTs of BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5 were 55, 37 and 60 respectively, significantly lower than those for B.1 and Delta.

BA.4 was significantly more resistant than BA.2 and BA.5, failing to neutralize 75% of sera. NT50: Anti-S, NT50:anti-RBD and N50:anti-NTD ratios were similar in B.1 and Delta and lower by 1 log10 micron BA.1. Among boosted vaccinees, NT50 The GMT titers for B.1, delta, BA.1, BA.4 and BA.5 were 247, 345, 51, 46 and 59 respectively.

Among patients with BTI, NT50 GMTs for B.1, Gamma/Delta, Omicron BA.1 Sub VOC, BA.2 Sub VOC, BA.4 Sub VOC, and Omicron BA.5 Sub VOC are 195, 330, 44, 71, 52 did. , and 88, and NT50:Ab ratios were 1 log10 greater for B.1 and Delta than for the Omicron sub-VOC. NT comparison50 Values ​​for all sera (recovery + vaccinated + BTI patients) showed a trend towards greater delta neutralization and much lower (1.5 log10) Omicron sub-VOC neutralization than B.1.

Overall, the study results highlight the importance of COVID-19 vaccination in generating antibodies with high cross-reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 VOC and sub-VOCs, suggesting that first-generation vaccines We showed that immunological imprinting can limit cross-over, but not completely terminate it. – Neutralize.

*Important Notices

bioRxiv publishes non-peer-reviewed, preliminary scientific reports and should not be considered conclusive, to guide clinical practice/health-related actions, or to be treated as established information .

Sources

1/ https://Google.com/

2/ https://www.news-medical.net/news/20221027/Vaccination-andor-natural-infection-induced-immune-responses-against-SARS-CoV-2-Omicron-subvariants.aspx

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