Health
Want to prevent diabetes?What you need to know about illness
A topic I’ve written about a lot is insulin resistance. My goal is to draw attention to a devastating condition that is exponentially expanding with no end in sight for Americans. Very high and we can finally get rid of this huge risk to our health.
Here’s what you need to know about insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
What is Insulin Resistance?
Once glucose is digested and enters the bloodstream, it must enter the body’s cells to provide energy. In insulin resistance, insulin is released from the pancreas in a predictable and timely manner. However, it prevents the cells from doing their job as they resist that effort.
Imagine a molecule of glucose escorted by insulin and suspended in the bloodstream. Normally, insulin attaches to receptors on the cell wall, signaling glucose delivery and allowing glucose to enter. It builds up and eventually causes damage.
Difference Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: What’s the Difference?
To avoid confusion, consider type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In both cases, blood sugar is too high, but for different reasons. Insulin resistance is responsible for elevated blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes in approximately 90-95% of all cases. Sufficient amounts of insulin are produced and released, but have no effect.
In contrast, only about 5-10% of people with diabetes are type 1. Insulin resistance is not a problem in type 1 diabetes because the pancreas is damaged and unable to produce and release insulin. Insulin deficiency in type 1 means that you have to take insulin shots every day.
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What is a hemoglobin A1c level test?
Binding to protein increases when fasting blood sugar rises above healthy levels of 70-100 mg/dl. One of the proteins is in hemoglobin, the main component of red blood cells. This enables a simple and important blood test called the hemoglobin A1c test, which reports the amount of glucose bound to the protein of hemoglobin. This process takes time, so the A1c test shows how much glucose has been in your bloodstream, on average, over the past three months. This is far more valuable information than a typical blood sugar test as a snapshot of what is happening right now, and can be influenced by many factors.
- A1c less than 5.7% is considered “normal”, lower is better.
- Pre-diabetes (due to insulin resistance) is diagnosed when A1c is between 5.7% and 6.4%.
- Type 2 diabetes is diagnosed when A1c is 6.5% or higher. As you can see, type 2 diabetes is an extreme version of pre-diabetes and insulin resistance.
How many people in the United States have prediabetes?
It is currently estimated that 1 in 3 adult Americans has pre-diabetes and 1 in 10 has type 2 diabetes. However, since pre-diabetes is likely to become more severe and transform into type 2 diabetes each year, the incidence of type 2 diabetes is projected to double in the not-too-distant future.
Wow! This is really bad news for our healthcare system.
Why is diabetes so devastating? When blood sugar levels are too high for too long, blood vessels relax and cannot dilate (dilate). This can lead to high blood pressure, which in turn reduces blood flow through blood vessels and blocks oxygen to tissues, which can lead to injury and death. An example of progression. Another example is the destruction of eye tissue leading to blindness.
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Is it possible to get rid of diabetes?
The exact cause of insulin resistance in pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes is unknown, but the main cause is body fat, especially deep (visceral) fat in the abdomen beneath the abdominal muscle layer. So step one is to manage your weight responsibly. Unfortunately, for millions of Americans in distress, when the choice is made between losing body fat and taking the pill, the pill almost always wins. Merely addressing the symptoms of excess glucose in the blood does not solve the problem.
Reducing body fat is a long-term approach. This is because fat stores a very concentrated amount of energy at a whopping 3,500 calories (kcal) per pound. Mile must be briskly walked. And ironically, if you do it and walk miles to a fast food restaurant, you can quickly replace almost half of the calories you burn in one meal (milkshakes (400-550 calories)).
Thankfully, you can get a lot done before you lose all your body fat. Exercise causes acute effects that reduce insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity. However, you need to exercise daily to renew the effect. Moderate exercise, such as brisk walking, can be very beneficial, but more intense exercise can have greater benefits. Either way, daily exercise is an antidote with two benefits. The first has an immediate positive effect on insulin resistance on the first day, and the second contributes to the long-term goal of reducing excess body fat.
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Is it possible to get rid of pre-diabetes?
If you are an insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic, understand that your condition is reversible and that lifestyle changes can change things dramatically. Most people with diabetes are unaware of this because they were sent out with a prescription for pills when they were diagnosed.
If you are in the pre-diabetic stage, wake up and take steps to stop the process before it progresses to full-blown type 2 diabetes.
Bryant Stamford, Professor of Exercise and Integrative Physiology at Hanover College, can be reached at [email protected].
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