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UNM research sheds new light on transition from anxiety to anxiety

 


The deadly coronavirus pandemic, economic instability, and civil unrest threaten millions of mental well-being. In vulnerable people, it is important for healing to understand how the fear from such a dreadful event develops into lifelong anxiety.

A team at the University of New Mexico, led by Elaine L. Bearer, MD, PhD, Harvey family of pathology, and graduate student Taylor W. Eusleman, has for the first time identified a brain-wide neural correlate of the transition from fear to anxiety. Specified

To date, most psychiatrists have been wondering what is happening in the brain after a dreadful experience, and why some people remain anxious without easy recovery even during the rest of their lives. I didn’t have the information. “

Elaine L. Bearer, PhD, Ph.D., University of New Mexico, Harvey Family Professor of Pathology

Life-threatening fears often lead to post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). The goal is to shed light on the brain’s response to fear and why it can prolong anxiety like PTSD.

While not feasible in human subjects, rodents can cause fear by being exposed to horrific odors such as the products commonly used to protect barbecues from nesting in mice. This odor simulates the smell of a predator and scares the mouse.

The UNM team used this trick to observe how the brain responds to dreadful events and discover how brain activity evolves from dreadful emotions to anxiety.

In a paper published in this week’s journal NeuroImage, They report a correlation between behavior and brain activity by observing the behavior and capturing magnetic resonance images before, during, and after being exposed to a non-fearing and odorous smell.

They engineered vulnerabilities to anxiety by manipulating the serotonin transporter (SERT), a prime target for psychotropic drugs such as cocaine and antidepressants such as Prozac. Deletion of the SERT gene (SERT-KO) creates vulnerability to anxiety, thus providing a unique model for learning how to turn a dreadful experience into anxiety.

UNM researchers compared normal and SERT-KO behavior with brain activity to identify neural correlates of anxiety. These areas are active in anxious SERT-KO and not in normal subjects.

To highlight active neurons, they used manganese, a nontoxic ion that illuminates active neurons in magnetic resonance imaging. Computational analysis of these whole-brain images provided maps of whole-brain activity before, immediately after, and after long exposure to scary odors.

They identified differences in neural activity in 45 subregions throughout the brain. Some areas were rejuvenated by horrific odors, and some areas only came later. Vulnerability to anxiety correlated with more activity in more regions.

The function of some of these areas, including the amygdala and hypothalamus, is at least partially understood, but other areas such as the reward circuit were not previously known to be involved in anxiety.

In anxiety, coordination between areas has changed. This may represent a sign of anxiety throughout the brain. Or, it may indicate a lack of coordination between brain regions that is often experienced when there is fear or anxiety.

“We now know that anxiety brain activity is not the same as an acute fear response,” says Bearer. “Anxiety causes neural activity to rise over many specific areas of the brain, losing normal coordination between areas.”

What does this mean in the age of COVID? A time lag of resilient or anxious consequences suggests that early containment of cases, protests, and dreadful reactions to recessionary recession may reduce the likelihood of progression to anxiety ..

Serotonin involvement also suggests pharmacological targets that may help reduce the likelihood of anxiety. Meditation, music, poetry, exercise, and other stress-relief activities involving reward circuits may also be helpful. Early intervention has permanent benefits.

Source:

See journal:

Uselman, TW, other (2020) Longitudinal manganese-enhanced MRI evolution of whole-brain activity in conscious mice after acute fear. Nerve image.. doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116975..

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