Connect with us

Health

Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations

Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations

 


  • Ballering, A. V., van Zon, S. K. R., Hartman, T. C. O. & Rosmalen, J. G. M. Persistence of somatic symptoms after COVID-19 in the Netherlands: an observational cohort study. Lancet 400, 452–461 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bull-Otterson, L. Post–COVID conditions among adult COVID-19 survivors aged 18–64 and ≥65 years — United States, March 2020–November 2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 71, 713 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ceban, F. et al. Fatigue and cognitive impairment in post-COVID-19 syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav. Immun. 101, 93–135 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Al-Aly, Z., Bowe, B. & Xie, Y. Long COVID after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Med. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01840-0 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ayoubkhani, D. et al. Risk of Long Covid in people infected with SARS-CoV-2 after two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine: community-based, matched cohort study. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.23.22271388 (2022).

  • FAIR Health. Patients Diagnosed with Post-COVID Conditions: An Analysis of Private Healthcare Claims Using the Official ICD-10 Diagnostic Code (FAIR Health, 2022).

  • Davis, H. E. et al. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. eClinicalMedicine 38, 101019 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xie, Y., Xu, E., Bowe, B. & Al-Aly, Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nat. Med. 28, 583–590 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xie, Y. & Al-Aly, Z. Risks and burdens of incident diabetes in long COVID: a cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 10, 311–321 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mancini, D. M. et al. Use of cardiopulmonary stress testing for patients with unexplained dyspnea post–coronavirus disease. JACC Heart Fail. 9, 927–937 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kedor, C. et al. A prospective observational study of post-COVID-19 chronic fatigue syndrome following the first pandemic wave in Germany and biomarkers associated with symptom severity. Nat. Commun. 13, 5104 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Larsen, N. W. et al. Characterization of autonomic symptom burden in long COVID: a global survey of 2314 adults. Front. Neurol. 13, 1012668 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Demko, Z. O. et al. Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) impact quality of life at 6, 12 and 18 months post-infection. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.08.22278543 (2022).

  • Cairns, R. & Hotopf, M. A systematic review describing the prognosis of chronic fatigue syndrome. Occup. Med. Oxf. Engl. 55, 20–31 (2005).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bach, K. Is ‘long Covid’ worsening the labor shortage? Brookings https://www.brookings.edu/research/is-long-covid-worsening-the-labor-shortage/ (2022).

  • Swank, Z. et al. Persistent circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike is associated with post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 sequelae. Clin. Infect. Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac722 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Proal, A. D. & VanElzakker, M. B. Long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): an overview of biological factors that may contribute to persistent symptoms. Front. Microbiol. 12, 698169 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Klein, J. et al. Distinguishing features of Long COVID identified through immune profiling. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.09.22278592 (2022).

  • Glynne, P., Tahmasebi, N., Gant, V. & Gupta, R. Long COVID following mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: characteristic T cell alterations and response to antihistamines. J. Investig. Med. 70, 61–67 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Phetsouphanh, C. et al. Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Immunol. 23, 210–216 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zubchenko, S., Kril, I., Nadizhko, O., Matsyura, O. & Chopyak, V. Herpesvirus infections and post-COVID-19 manifestations: a pilot observational study. Rheumatol. Int. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-022-05146-9 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peluso, M. J. et al. Evidence of recent Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in individuals experiencing Long COVID. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.21.22276660 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yeoh, Y. K. et al. Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19. Gut 70, 698–706 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liu, Q. et al. Gut microbiota dynamics in a prospective cohort of patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Gut 71, 544–552 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mendes de Almeida, V. Gut microbiota from patients with mild COVID-19 cause alterations in mice that resemble post-COVID syndrome. Res. Sq. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1756189/v1 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wallukat, G. et al. Functional autoantibodies against G-protein coupled receptors in patients with persistent long-COVID-19 symptoms. J. Transl Autoimmun. 4, 100100 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Su, Y. et al. Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae. Cell 185, 881–895.e20 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Arthur, J. M. et al. Development of ACE2 autoantibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS ONE 16, e0257016 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Haffke, M. et al. Endothelial dysfunction and altered endothelial biomarkers in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). J. Transl Med. 20, 138 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Charfeddine, S. Long COVID 19 syndrome: is it related to microcirculation and endothelial dysfunction? Insights from TUN-EndCOV study. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.745758 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pretorius, E. et al. Prevalence of symptoms, comorbidities, fibrin amyloid microclots and platelet pathology in individuals with Long COVID/post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 21, 148 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Spudich, S. & Nath, A. Nervous system consequences of COVID-19. Science 375, 267–269 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Renz-Polster, H., Tremblay, M.-E., Bienzle, D. & Fischer, J. E. The pathobiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: the case for neuroglial failure. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 16, 888232 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Merzon, E. et al. Clinical and socio-demographic variables associated with the diagnosis of long COVID syndrome in youth: a population-based study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19, 5993 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • CDC. Long COVID – household pulse survey – COVID-19. CDC https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/long-covid.htm (2022).

  • Williamson, A. E., Tydeman, F., Miners, A., Pyper, K. & Martineau, A. R. Short-term and long-term impacts of COVID-19 on economic vulnerability: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK). BMJ Open 12, e065083 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ziauddeen, N. et al. Characteristics and impact of Long Covid: findings from an online survey. PLoS ONE 17, e0264331 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Choutka, J., Jansari, V., Hornig, M. & Iwasaki, A. Unexplained post-acute infection syndromes. Nat. Med. 28, 911–923 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Komaroff, A. L. & Lipkin, W. I. Insights from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome may help unravel the pathogenesis of postacute COVID-19 syndrome. Trends Mol. Med. 27, 895–906 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Schultheiß, C. et al. From online data collection to identification of disease mechanisms: the IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine triad is associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 in a digital research cohort. SSRN https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3963839 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peluso, M. J. et al. Markers of immune activation and inflammation in individuals with postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. J. Infect. Dis. 224, 1839–1848 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fernández-Castañeda, A. et al. Mild respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause multi-lineage cellular dysregulation and myelin loss in the brain. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.07.475453 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hornig, M. et al. Distinct plasma immune signatures in ME/CFS are present early in the course of illness. Sci. Adv. 1, e1400121 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, E. Y. et al. Diverse functional autoantibodies in patients with COVID-19. Nature 595, 283–288 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shikova, E. et al. Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpesvirus-6 infections in patients with myalgic еncephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Med. Virol. 92, 3682–3688 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Schreiner, P. et al. Human herpesvirus-6 reactivation, mitochondrial fragmentation, and the coordination of antiviral and metabolic phenotypes in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Immunohorizons 4, 201–215 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • García-Abellán, J. et al. Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 is associated with long-term clinical outcome in patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal study. J. Clin. Immunol. 41, 1490–1501 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Augustin, M. et al. Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 6, 100122 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Talla, A. et al. Longitudinal immune dynamics of mild COVID-19 define signatures of recovery and persistence. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.26.442666 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peluso, M. J. et al. Long-term SARS-CoV-2-specific immune and inflammatory responses in individuals recovering from COVID-19 with and without post-acute symptoms. Cell Rep. 36, 109518 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hu, F. et al. A compromised specific humoral immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain is related to viral persistence and periodic shedding in the gastrointestinal tract. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 17, 1119–1125 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Korte, W. et al. SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibody response is gender dependent; and IgG antibodies rapidly decline early on. J. Infect. 82, e11–e14 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jo, W. et al. A two-phase, single cohort study of COVID-19 antibody sera-surveillance. Ann. Epidemiol. Public Health 4, 1055 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nomura, Y. et al. Attenuation of antibody titers from 3 to 6 months after the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine depends on sex, with age and smoking risk factors for lower antibody titers at 6 months. Vaccines 9, 1500 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tejerina, F. et al. Post-COVID-19 syndrome. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in plasma, stool, and urine in patients with persistent symptoms after COVID-19. BMC Infect. Dis. 22, 211 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Goh, D. et al. Persistence of residual SARS-CoV-2 viral antigen and RNA in tissues of patients with long COVID-19. Preprint at https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1379777/v1 (2022).

  • Ceulemans, L. J. et al. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in lung tissue after mild COVID-19. Lancet Respir. Med. 9, e78–e79 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gaebler, C. et al. Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Nature 591, 639–644 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Menuchin-Lasowski, Y. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in photoreceptor and retinal ganglion cells of human retinal organoids. Stem Cell Rep 17, 789–803 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cheung, C. C. L. et al. Residual SARS-CoV-2 viral antigens detected in GI and hepatic tissues from five recovered patients with COVID-19. Gut 71, 226–229 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Natarajan, A. et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA suggest prolonged gastrointestinal infection. Med 3, 371–387.e9 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Katsoularis, I. et al. Risks of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding after covid-19: nationwide self-controlled cases series and matched cohort study. BMJ 377, e069590 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pretorius, E. et al. Persistent clotting protein pathology in Long COVID/post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is accompanied by increased levels of antiplasmin. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 20, 172 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kubánková, M. et al. Physical phenotype of blood cells is altered in COVID-19. Biophys. J. 120, 2838–2847 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Osiaevi, I. et al. Persistent capillary rarefication in long COVID syndrome. Angiogenesis https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-022-09850-9 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Patel, M. A. et al. Elevated vascular transformation blood biomarkers in long-COVID indicate angiogenesis as a key pathophysiological mechanism. Mol. Med. 28, 122 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Puntmann, V. O. et al. Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 5, 1265–1273 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Roca-Fernández, A. et al. Cardiac impairment in Long Covid 1-year post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur. Heart J. 43, ehac544.219 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dennis, A. et al. Multiorgan impairment in low-risk individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective, community-based study. BMJ Open 11, e048391 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dennis, A. et al. Multi-organ impairment and Long COVID: a 1-year prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.18.22272607 (2022).

  • Bowe, B., Xie, Y., Xu, E. & Al-Aly, Z. Kidney outcomes in Long COVID. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 32, 2851–2862 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Almufarrij, I. & Munro, K. J. One year on: an updated systematic review of SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and audio-vestibular symptoms. Int. J. Audiol. 60, 935–945 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Holdsworth, D. A. et al. Comprehensive clinical assessment identifies specific neurocognitive deficits in working-age patients with long-COVID. PLoS ONE 17, e0267392 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cysique, L. A. et al. Post-acute COVID-19 cognitive impairment and decline uniquely associate with kynurenine pathway activation: a longitudinal observational study. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.07.22276020 (2022).

  • Crivelli, L. et al. Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement. 18, 1047–1066 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Woo, M. S. et al. Frequent neurocognitive deficits after recovery from mild COVID-19. Brain Commun. 2, fcaa205 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Taquet, M. et al. Neurological and psychiatric risk trajectories after SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 2-year retrospective cohort studies including 1 284 437 patients. Lancet Psychiatry 9, 815–827 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Reiken, S. et al. Alzheimer’s-like signaling in brains of COVID-19 patients. Alzheimers Dement. 18, 955–965 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Charnley, M. et al. Neurotoxic amyloidogenic peptides in the proteome of SARS-COV2: potential implications for neurological symptoms in COVID-19. Nat. Commun. 13, 3387 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Visser, D. et al. Long COVID is associated with extensive in-vivo neuroinflammation on [18F]DPA-714 PET. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.02.22275916 (2022).

  • Guedj, E. et al. 18F-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in patients with long COVID. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 48, 2823–2833 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hugon, J. et al. Cognitive decline and brainstem hypometabolism in long COVID: a case series. Brain Behav. 12, e2513 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Apple, A. C. et al. Risk factors and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid associate with cognitive symptoms after mild COVID-19. Ann. Clin. Transl Neurol. 9, 221–226 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Douaud, G. et al. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank. Nature 604, 697–707 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peluso, M. J. et al. SARS-CoV-2 and mitochondrial proteins in neural-derived exosomes of COVID-19. Ann. Neurol. 91, 772–781 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Villaume, W. A. Marginal BH4 deficiencies, iNOS, and self-perpetuating oxidative stress in post-acute sequelae of Covid-19. Med. Hypotheses 163, 110842 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bitirgen, G. et al. Corneal confocal microscopy identifies corneal nerve fibre loss and increased dendritic cells in patients with long COVID. Br. J. Ophthalmol. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319450 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Barros, A. et al. Small fiber neuropathy in the cornea of Covid-19 patients associated with the generation of ocular surface disease. Ocul. Surf. 23, 40–48 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bitirgen, G. et al. Abnormal quantitative pupillary light responses following COVID-19. Int. Ophthalmol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-022-02275-9 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mardin, C. Y. et al. Possible impact of functional active GPCR-autoantibodies on retinal microcirculation in long-COVID. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 63, 3315–F0124 (2022).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, B.-Z. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects human neural progenitor cells and brain organoids. Cell Res. 30, 928–931 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sen, S. et al. Retinal manifestations in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenetic implications: a systematic review. Int. Ophthalmol. 42, 323–336 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Frere, J. J. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters and humans results in lasting and unique systemic perturbations post recovery. Sci. Transl Med. 14, eabq3059 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rutkai, I. et al. Neuropathology and virus in brain of SARS-CoV-2 infected non-human primates. Nat. Commun. 13, 1745 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Board on the Health of Select Populations, & Institute of Medicine. Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness (National Academies Press, 2015).

  • Bateman, L. et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: essentials of diagnosis and management. Mayo Clin. Proc. 96, 2861–2878 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • The ME Association. Index of ME/CFS published research – Nov 2022. 224 Index of ME/CFS Published Research. The ME Association https://meassociation.org.uk/ (2022).

  • Seltzer, J. & Thomas, J. ME Research Summary 2019 (The ME Association, 2019).

  • Wong, T. L. & Weitzer, D. J. Long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)-a systemic review and comparison of clinical presentation and symptomatology. Med. (Kaunas.) 57, 418 (2021).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Twomey, R. et al. Chronic fatigue and postexertional malaise in people living with Long COVID: an observational study. Phys. Ther. 102, pzac005 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vernon, S. D. et al. Orthostatic challenge causes distinctive symptomatic, hemodynamic and cognitive responses in Long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Front. Med. 9, 917019 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lam, M. H.-B. et al. Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: long-term follow-up. Arch. Intern. Med. 169, 2142–2147 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Keller, B. A., Pryor, J. L. & Giloteaux, L. Inability of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients to reproduce VO2peak indicates functional impairment. J. Transl Med. 12, 104 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Saha, A. K. et al. Erythrocyte deformability as a potential biomarker for chronic fatigue syndrome. Blood 132, 4874 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Díaz-Resendiz, K. J. G. et al. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in leucocytes as post-COVID-19 sequelae. J. Leukoc. Biol. 112, 23–29 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pozzi, A. COVID-19 and mitochondrial non-coding RNAs: new insights from published data. Front. Physiol. 12, 805005 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Guntur, V. P. et al. Signatures of mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired fatty acid metabolism in plasma of patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Metabolites 12, 1026 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Paul, B. D., Lemle, M. D., Komaroff, A. L. & Snyder, S. H. Redox imbalance links COVID-19 and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2024358118 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wright, J., Astill, S. L. & Sivan, M. The relationship between physical activity and Long COVID: a cross-sectional study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19, 5093 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Heerdt, P. M., Shelley, B. & Singh, I. Impaired systemic oxygen extraction long after mild COVID-19: potential perioperative implications. Br. J. Anaesth. 128, e246–e249 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Novak, P. et al. Multisystem involvement in post-acute sequelae of coronavirus disease 19. Ann. Neurol. 91, 367–379 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Holmes, E. et al. Incomplete systemic recovery and metabolic phenoreversion in post-acute-phase nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients: implications for assessment of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. J. Proteome Res. 20, 3315–3329 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • van Campen, C. L. M. C. & Visser, F. C. Orthostatic intolerance in long-haul COVID after SARS-CoV-2: a case-control comparison with post-EBV and insidious-onset myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Healthcare 10, 2058 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • van Campen, C. L. M. C. & Visser, F. C. Long-Haul COVID patients: prevalence of POTS are reduced but cerebral blood flow abnormalities remain abnormal with longer disease duration. Healthcare 10, 2105 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nunes, J. M., Kruger, A., Proal, A., Kell, D. B. & Pretorius, E. The occurrence of hyperactivated platelets and fibrinaloid microclots in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Pharmaceuticals 15, 931 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hoad, A., Spickett, G., Elliott, J. & Newton, J. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome is an under-recognized condition in chronic fatigue syndrome. QJM 101, 961–965 (2008).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shaw, B. H. et al. The face of postural tachycardia syndrome – insights from a large cross‐sectional online community‐based survey. J. Intern. Med. 286, 438–448 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Raj, S. R. et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): priorities for POTS care and research from a 2019 National Institutes of Health expert consensus meeting – part 2. Auton. Neurosci. Basic. Clin. 235, 102836 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Oaklander, A. L. et al. Peripheral neuropathy evaluations of patients with prolonged Long COVID. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 9, e1146 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Larsen, N. W. et al. Characterization of autonomic symptom burden in long COVID: a global survey of 2,314 adults. Front. Neurol. 13, 1012668 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Weinstock, L. B. et al. Mast cell activation symptoms are prevalent in Long-COVID. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 112, 217–226 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Boneva, R. S. et al. Endometriosis as a comorbid condition in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): secondary analysis of data from a CFS case-control study. Front. Pediatr. 7, 195 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bragée, B. et al. Signs of intracranial hypertension, hypermobility, and craniocervical obstructions in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Front. Neurol. 11, (2020).

  • Medina-Perucha, L. et al. Self-reported menstrual alterations during the COVID-19 syndemic in Spain: a cross-sectional study. Int. J. Womens Health 14, 529–544 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ding, T. et al. Analysis of ovarian injury associated with COVID-19 disease in reproductive-aged women in Wuhan, China: an observational study. Front. Med. 8, 635255 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sharp, G. C. et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and the menstrual cycle: research gaps and opportunities. Int. J. Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab239 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Khan, S. M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent changes in the menstrual cycle among participants in the Arizona CoVHORT study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 226, 270–273 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Harlow, B. L., Signorello, L. B., Hall, J. E., Dailey, C. & Komaroff, A. L. Reproductive correlates of chronic fatigue syndrome. Am. J. Med. 105, 94S–99S (1998).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Thomas, N., Gurvich, C., Huang, K., Gooley, P. R. & Armstrong, C. W. The underlying sex differences in neuroendocrine adaptations relevant to myalgic encephalomyelitis chronic fatigue syndrome. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 66, 100995 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Boneva, R. S., Lin, J.-M. S. & Unger, E. R. Early menopause and other gynecologic risk indicators for chronic fatigue syndrome in women. Menopause 22, 826–834 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kresch, E. et al. COVID-19 endothelial dysfunction can cause erectile dysfunction: histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of the human penis. World J. Mens Health 39, 466–469 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Maleki, B. H. & Tartibian, B. COVID-19 and male reproductive function: a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Reproduction 161, 319–331 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yu, J. Z. et al. Lung perfusion disturbances in nonhospitalized post-COVID with dyspnea — a magnetic resonance imaging feasibility study. J. Intern. Med. 292, 941–956 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cho, J. L. et al. Quantitative chest CT assessment of small airways disease in post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Radiology 304, 185–192 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vijayakumar, B. et al. Immuno-proteomic profiling reveals aberrant immune cell regulation in the airways of individuals with ongoing post-COVID-19 respiratory disease. Immunity 55, 542–556.e5 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Littlefield, K. M. et al. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associate with inflammation and reduced lung function in pulmonary post-acute sequalae of SARS-CoV-2. PLOS Pathog. 18, e1010359 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Meringer, H. & Mehandru, S. Gastrointestinal post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 19, 345–346 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • König, R. S. et al. The gut microbiome in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)/chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Front. Immunol. 12, 628741 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zuo, T. et al. Depicting SARS-CoV-2 faecal viral activity in association with gut microbiota composition in patients with COVID-19. Gut 70, 276–284 (2021).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zollner, A. et al. Postacute COVID-19 is characterized by gut viral antigen persistence in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 163, 495–506.e8 (2022).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Giron, L. B. et al. Markers of fungal translocation are elevated during post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 and induce NF-κB signaling. JCI Insight https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.160989 (2022).

  • Jason, L. A. et al. COVID-19 symptoms over time: comparing long-haulers to ME/CFS. Fatigue Biomed. Health Behav. 9, 59–68 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tran, V.-T., Porcher, R., Pane, I. & Ravaud, P. Course of post COVID-19 disease symptoms over time in the ComPaRe long COVID prospective e-cohort. Nat. Commun. 13, 1812 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Walker, A., Kelly, C., Pottinger, G. & Hopkins, C. Parosmia — a common consequence of covid-19. BMJ 377, e069860 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jamal, S. M. et al. Prospective evaluation of autonomic dysfunction in post-acute sequela of COVID-19. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 79, 2325–2330 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Stavileci, B., Özdemir, E., Özdemir, B., Ereren, E. & Cengiz, M. De-novo development of fragmented QRS during a six-month follow-up period in patients with COVID-19 disease and its cardiac effects. J. Electrocardiol. 72, 44–48 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Grist, J. T. et al. Lung abnormalities depicted with hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI in patients with long COVID. Radiology 305, 709–717 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • US ME/CFS Clinician Coalition. Testing Recommendations for Suspected ME/CFS (US ME/CFS Clinician Coalition, 2021).

  • Galán, M. et al. Persistent overactive cytotoxic immune response in a Spanish cohort of individuals with long-COVID: identification of diagnostic biomarkers. Front. Immunol. 13, 848886 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Grandjean, D. et al. Screening for SARS-CoV-2 persistence in Long COVID patients using sniffer dogs and scents from axillary sweats samples. Clin. Trials 12, 2 (2022).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Pifarré, F. et al. The use of oxygen as a possible screening biomarker for the diagnosis of chronic fatigue. Apunt. Sports Med 57, 100379 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jason, L. A., Kalns, J., Richarte, A., Katz, B. Z. & Torres, C. Saliva fatigue biomarker index as a marker for severe myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome in a community based sample. Fatigue Biomed. Health Behav. 9, 189–195 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Esfandyarpour, R., Kashi, A., Nemat-Gorgani, M., Wilhelmy, J. & Davis, R. W. A nanoelectronics-blood-based diagnostic biomarker for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 10250–10257 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nkiliza, A. et al. Sex-specific plasma lipid profiles of ME/CFS patients and their association with pain, fatigue, and cognitive symptoms. J. Transl Med. 19, 370 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bolton, M. J., Chapman, B. P. & Van Marwijk, H. Low-dose naltrexone as a treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 13, e232502 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pitt, B., Tate, A. M., Gluck, D., Rosenson, R. S. & Goonewardena, S. N. Repurposing low-dose naltrexone (LDN) for the prevention and treatment of immunothrombosis in COVID-19. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacother. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvac014 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Alper, K. Case report: famotidine for neuropsychiatric symptoms in COVID-19. Front. Med. 7, 614393 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hohberger, B. et al. Case report: neutralization of autoantibodies targeting G-protein-coupled receptors improves capillary impairment and fatigue symptoms after COVID-19 infection. Front. Med. 8, 754667 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, C. et al. Long COVID: the nature of thrombotic sequelae determines the necessity of early anticoagulation. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 12, 861703 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • The ME Association. A new treatment for Long Covid? The ME Association https://meassociation.org.uk/2021/10/a-new-treatment-for-long-covid/ (2021).

  • Tölle, M. et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: efficacy of repeat immunoadsorption. J. Clin. Med. 9, E2443 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wood, E., Hall, K. H. & Tate, W. Role of mitochondria, oxidative stress and the response to antioxidants in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a possible approach to SARS-CoV-2 ‘long-haulers’? Chronic Dis. Transl Med. 7, 14–26 (2020).


    Google Scholar
     

  • NICE. Myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy)/chronic fatigue syndrome: diagnosis and management. NICE https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG206 (2021).

  • World Health Organization. Support for Rehabilitation Self-Management After COVID-19 Related Illness (WHO, 2021).

  • CDC. Treatment of ME/CFS | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). CDC https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/treatment/index.html (2021).

  • Long COVID Physio. Exercise. Long COVID Physio https://longcovid.physio/exercise (2022).

  • Geng, L. N., Bonilla, H. F., Shafer, R. W., Miglis, M. G. & Yang, P. C. Case report of breakthrough long COVID and the use of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir. Preprint at https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1443341/v1 (2022).

  • Xie, Y., Choi, T. & Al-Aly, Z. Nirmatrelvir and the risk of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.03.22281783 (2022).

  • Charfeddine, S. et al. Sulodexide in the treatment of patients with long COVID 19 symptoms and endothelial dysfunction: the results of TUN-EndCOV study. Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis. Suppl. 14, 127 (2022).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Thomas, R. et al. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating concentrated phytochemical-rich nutritional capsule in addition to a probiotic capsule on clinical outcomes among individuals with COVID-19 — the UK Phyto-V study. COVID 2, 433–449 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, L. et al. Gut microbiota-derived synbiotic formula (SIM01) as a novel adjuvant therapy for COVID-19: an open-label pilot study. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 37, 823–831 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liu, L. D. & Duricka, D. L. Stellate ganglion block reduces symptoms of Long COVID: a case series. J. Neuroimmunol. 362, 577784 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Belcaro, G. et al. Preventive effects of Pycnogenol® on cardiovascular risk factors (including endothelial function) and microcirculation in subjects recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Minerva Med. 113, 300–308 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Crooks, V., Waller, S., Smith, T. & Hahn, T. J. The use of the Karnofsky Performance Scale in determining outcomes and risk in geriatric outpatients. J. Gerontol. 46, M139–M144 (1991).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ledford, H. Long-COVID treatments: why the world is still waiting. Nature 608, 258–260 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Toogood, P. L., Clauw, D. J., Phadke, S. & Hoffman, D. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): where will the drugs come from? Pharmacol. Res. 165, 105465 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • US ME/CFS Clinician Coalition. ME/CFS Treatment Recommendations (US ME/CFS Clinician Coalition, 2021).

  • Taquet, M., Dercon, Q. & Harrison, P. J. Six-month sequelae of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study of 10,024 breakthrough infections. Brain Behav. Immun. 103, 154–162 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Office for National Statistics. Self-reported long COVID after infection with the Omicron variant in the UK: 6 May 2022. Office for National Statistics https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/selfreportedlongcovidafterinfectionwiththeomicronvariant/6may2022 (2022).

  • Tsuchida, T. et al. Relationship between changes in symptoms and antibody titers after a single vaccination in patients with Long COVID. J. Med. Virol. 94, 3416–3420 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • VA COVID-19 Observational Research Collaboratory. Burden of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the U.S. Veterans Administration, March 2020 – January 2022. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.20.22272571 (2022).

  • Bowe, B., Xie, Y. & Al-Aly, Z. Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Nat. Med. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02051-3 (2022).

  • Blomberg, J., Gottfries, C.-G., Elfaitouri, A., Rizwan, M. & Rosén, A. Infection elicited autoimmunity and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: an explanatory model. Front. Immunol. 9, 229 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cauchemez, S. & Bosetti, P. A reconstruction of early cryptic COVID spread. Nature 600, 40–41 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • CDC. Estimated COVID-19 burden. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/burden.html (2020).

  • Kucirka, L. M., Lauer, S. A., Laeyendecker, O., Boon, D. & Lessler, J. Variation in false-negative rate of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction–based SARS-CoV-2 tests by time since exposure. Ann. Intern. Med. 173, 262–267 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Levine-Tiefenbrun, M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR test detection rates are associated with patient age, sex, and time since diagnosis. J. Mol. Diagn. 24, 112–119 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jarvis, K. F. & Kelley, J. B. Temporal dynamics of viral load and false negative rate influence the levels of testing necessary to combat COVID-19 spread. Sci. Rep. 11, 9221 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dattner, I. et al. The role of children in the spread of COVID-19: using household data from Bnei Brak, Israel, to estimate the relative susceptibility and infectivity of children. PLoS Comput. Biol. 17, e1008559 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Langeland, N. & Cox, R. J. Are low SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in infected children missed by RT-PCR testing? Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 5, 100138 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Van Elslande, J. et al. Longitudinal follow-up of IgG anti-nucleocapsid antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients up to eight months after infection. J. Clin. Virol. 136, 104765 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liu, W. et al. Predictors of nonseroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 27, 2454–2458 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Toh, Z. Q. et al. Comparison of seroconversion in children and adults with mild COVID-19. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e221313 (2022).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Peterson, T. M., Peterson, T. W., Emerson, S., Meredyth, A. Evans, E. R. & Jason, L. A. Coverage of CFS within U.S. medical schools. Univers. J. Public Health 1, 177–179 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rowe, P. C. et al. Orthostatic intolerance and chronic fatigue syndrome associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. J. Pediatr. 135, 494–499 (1999).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nguyen, T. et al. Novel characterisation of mast cell phenotypes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis patients. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 35, 75–81 (2017).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wagner, C., Isenmann, S., Ringendahl, H. & Haensch, C.-A. Anxiety in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr. 80, 458–462 (2012).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Grayson, D. A., Mackinnon, A., Jorm, A. F., Creasey, H. & Broe, G. A. Item bias in the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale: effects of physical disorders and disability in an elderly community sample. J. Gerontol. Ser. B 55, P273–P282 (2000).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Twisk, F. N. M. & Maes, M. A review on cognitive behavorial therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET) in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) / chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): CBT/GET is not only ineffective and not evidence-based, but also potentially harmful for many patients with ME/CFS. Neuro Endocrinol. Lett. 30, 284–299 (2009).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Vink, M. & Vink-Niese, F. Is it useful to question the recovery behaviour of patients with ME/CFS or Long COVID? Healthcare 10, 392 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dysautonomia International. What is dysautonomia? Dysautonomia International http://www.dysautonomiainternational.org/page.php?ID=34 (2022).

  • CDC. Epidemiology | Presentation and clinical course | Healthcare providers | Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). CDC https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/presentation-clinical-course/epidemiology.html (2021).

  • Sørensen, A. I. V. et al. A nationwide questionnaire study of post-acute symptoms and health problems after SARS-CoV-2 infection in Denmark. Nat. Commun. 13, 4213 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Berg, S. K. et al. Long COVID symptoms in SARS-CoV-2-positive children aged 0–14 years and matched controls in Denmark (LongCOVIDKidsDK): a national, cross-sectional study. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 6, 614–623 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Morrow, A. K. et al. Long-term COVID 19 sequelae in adolescents: the overlap with orthostatic intolerance and ME/CFS. Curr. Pediatr. Rep. 10, 31–44 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cooper, S. et al. Long COVID-19 liver manifestation in children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000003521 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kompaniyets, L. Post–COVID-19 symptoms and conditions among children and adolescents — United States, March 1, 2020–January 31, 2022. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 71, 993–999 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Edlow, A. G., Castro, V. M., Shook, L. L., Kaimal, A. J. & Perlis, R. H. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year in infants of mothers who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e2215787 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Morand, A. et al. Similar patterns of [18F]-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in paediatric and adult patients with long COVID: a paediatric case series. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 49, 913–920 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Heiss, R. et al. Pulmonary dysfunction after pediatric COVID-19. Radiology https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.221250 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sources

    1/ https://Google.com/

    2/ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-022-00846-2

    The mention sources can contact us to remove/changing this article

    What Are The Main Benefits Of Comparing Car Insurance Quotes Online

    LOS ANGELES, CA / ACCESSWIRE / June 24, 2020, / Compare-autoinsurance.Org has launched a new blog post that presents the main benefits of comparing multiple car insurance quotes. For more info and free online quotes, please visit https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/the-advantages-of-comparing-prices-with-car-insurance-quotes-online/ The modern society has numerous technological advantages. One important advantage is the speed at which information is sent and received. With the help of the internet, the shopping habits of many persons have drastically changed. The car insurance industry hasn't remained untouched by these changes. On the internet, drivers can compare insurance prices and find out which sellers have the best offers. View photos The advantages of comparing online car insurance quotes are the following: Online quotes can be obtained from anywhere and at any time. Unlike physical insurance agencies, websites don't have a specific schedule and they are available at any time. Drivers that have busy working schedules, can compare quotes from anywhere and at any time, even at midnight. Multiple choices. Almost all insurance providers, no matter if they are well-known brands or just local insurers, have an online presence. Online quotes will allow policyholders the chance to discover multiple insurance companies and check their prices. Drivers are no longer required to get quotes from just a few known insurance companies. Also, local and regional insurers can provide lower insurance rates for the same services. Accurate insurance estimates. Online quotes can only be accurate if the customers provide accurate and real info about their car models and driving history. Lying about past driving incidents can make the price estimates to be lower, but when dealing with an insurance company lying to them is useless. Usually, insurance companies will do research about a potential customer before granting him coverage. Online quotes can be sorted easily. Although drivers are recommended to not choose a policy just based on its price, drivers can easily sort quotes by insurance price. Using brokerage websites will allow drivers to get quotes from multiple insurers, thus making the comparison faster and easier. For additional info, money-saving tips, and free car insurance quotes, visit https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/ Compare-autoinsurance.Org is an online provider of life, home, health, and auto insurance quotes. This website is unique because it does not simply stick to one kind of insurance provider, but brings the clients the best deals from many different online insurance carriers. In this way, clients have access to offers from multiple carriers all in one place: this website. On this site, customers have access to quotes for insurance plans from various agencies, such as local or nationwide agencies, brand names insurance companies, etc. "Online quotes can easily help drivers obtain better car insurance deals. All they have to do is to complete an online form with accurate and real info, then compare prices", said Russell Rabichev, Marketing Director of Internet Marketing Company. CONTACT: Company Name: Internet Marketing CompanyPerson for contact Name: Gurgu CPhone Number: (818) 359-3898Email: [email protected]: https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/ SOURCE: Compare-autoinsurance.Org View source version on accesswire.Com:https://www.Accesswire.Com/595055/What-Are-The-Main-Benefits-Of-Comparing-Car-Insurance-Quotes-Online View photos

    ExBUlletin

    to request, modification Contact us at Here or [email protected]