Health
A pancreatic cancer vaccine has shown promise in small trials. Will this be the breakthrough everyone is looking for?
Remember the mRNA vaccine that was first deployed during the pandemic? Researchers at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center began using the same technology long ago to develop a personalized vaccine against pancreatic cancer. rice field. Their phase I trial, recently published in Nature, showed that eight out of 16 patients who received the vaccine were able to mount an immune response against cancer cells. No cancer was detected during the 18-month follow-up of these patients. However, the cancer recurred about 13 months after surgery in patients who had failed the vaccine.
This is an interesting finding for oncologists working with pancreatic cancer, including Dr Shailesh Shrikande, who heads India’s largest pancreatic cancer surgery center at Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai. “It is one of the most difficult solid tumors to treat, and treatment progress has been slow. is that there are numerous tumor-promoting pathways in this type of cancer that can overwhelm tumor-suppressive pathways, so even if therapeutic targets are four of these pathways, , there are many other ways tumors can continue to grow,” he explains. Yet he remains cautious. “This is just a Phase 1 study, so we can’t start offering it tomorrow. We still have a long way to go. It has to be accessible and affordable.”
So how do vaccines work?Unlike the HPV vaccine, which can prevent the cervix cancer, The vaccine is given to pancreatic cancer patients who have had their tumors surgically removed and have undergone chemotherapy. Pancreatic cancer surgeon Vinod Balachandran and his team at Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) came up with the idea of a vaccine when they stumbled upon a small group of patients who defied expectations and survived. When they looked at the tumor, they found many immune cells, including T cells, on the tumor. This means that something is signaling the immune system to attack cancer cells. Researchers found that in surviving patients, proteins called neoantigens left T cells to alert them to the presence of ‘foreign’ cancer cells. Even more surprising was that T cells could continue to recognize these neoantigens for up to 12 years, even when tumors were surgically removed. This is analogous to how vaccines can provide long-lasting immune responses to pathogens for years or even a lifetime.
At the same time, researchers across the globe were working on mRNA technologies suitable for developing personalized cancer vaccines. MSK researchers and Roche Group’s biotech company Genentech COVID-19 Their tumors were resected in the United States and sent to Germany for gene sequencing to produce a personalized vaccine. The laboratory selected the tumor mutations that best produced neoantigens and produced mRNAs specific for these. mRNA is the messenger that carries the genetic information to the cell to produce these neoantigens. This trains the immune system to recognize and fight off cancer cells. The team continued to flip this back and forth between the US and Germany during the pandemic.
“Patients with pancreatic cancer have a survival rate of only about 50 percent, even after high-quality surgery (which is complicated by the deep location of the pancreas) and a full course of chemotherapy,” Dr. Shrikande said. , because the enemy may not be visible.” ”
The researchers’ next step is to conduct larger randomized controlled trials to find out why the vaccine worked for some patients and not others. “We will continue to analyze data from pancreatic cancer trials to better understand how vaccines can help patients benefit. We want to understand why cancer patients did not respond to the vaccine and find a solution to this problem,” MSK said in a statement.
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