Health
Two vaccines, one target: How the RTS, S, and R21 malaria vaccines work
of malaria parasite The parasite that causes malaria is a complex enemy. Developing a vaccine against it is a major challenge because of its multi-stage life cycle and ability to change its protein clothing to hide from the human immune system.
After decades of attempts, the world now has two vaccines that protect children from infectious diseases. Plasmodium falciparum – The world’s deadliest malaria parasite.
Both vaccines cause the production of antibodies that block sporozoites from infecting liver cells. Cells that manage to break through become targets for T cells, which are also activated by the vaccine.
Malaria is transmitted from person to person through the bite of a woman. Anopheles mosquito mosquito. The infection cycle begins when the mosquito, as it feeds, injects elongated, highly mobile forms of the parasite called “sporozoites” into a person's blood through the mosquito's salivary glands.
Once inside the body, these parasites move from tissue to tissue and repeatedly change their shape (see diagram). However, the RTS,S and R21/Matrix M malaria vaccines target the sporozoite stage of its life cycle. Catch parasites before they multiply and get out of control.
Both vaccines target a protein called circumsporozoite protein (CSP) on the surface of sporozoites, which helps sporozoites invade liver cells.
The RTS,S vaccine contains fragments of CSP linked to hepatitis B virus proteins that spontaneously self-assemble into virus-like particles, structures that look like viruses but are not fully formed. It's harmless. Linking CSP in this way can alert the immune system to her CSP and trigger a stronger vaccine response.
The R21 vaccine also contains a fragment of CSP linked to a hepatitis B virus protein, but the manufacturing process is different; More CSP molecules attach to each virus-like particle.
Vaccines are administered with various adjuvants, which are substances that further enhance the immune system's response to the CSP protein (antigen).
Both vaccines cause the production of antibodies that block sporozoites from infecting liver cells. Cells that manage to break through become targets for T cells activated by the vaccine.
Although these have not been tested in head-to-head trials, “there is no evidence to date that one vaccine is more effective than the other.” World Health Organization (WHO) Said.
The WHO has granted both vaccines prequalification status (a final review process to ensure that vaccines used in immunization programs are safe and effective), and the product selection is based on the characteristics of the program, vaccine supply , and vaccine affordability.” in individual countries.
It is hoped that by producing the two vaccines at different sites and by different companies, there will be enough vaccine to protect all children living in affected areas. Plasmodium falciparum We eradicated malaria and saved hundreds of thousands of young lives.
|
Sources 2/ https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/two-vaccines-one-target-how-rtss-and-r21-malaria-vaccines-work The mention sources can contact us to remove/changing this article |
What Are The Main Benefits Of Comparing Car Insurance Quotes Online
LOS ANGELES, CA / ACCESSWIRE / June 24, 2020, / Compare-autoinsurance.Org has launched a new blog post that presents the main benefits of comparing multiple car insurance quotes. For more info and free online quotes, please visit https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/the-advantages-of-comparing-prices-with-car-insurance-quotes-online/ The modern society has numerous technological advantages. One important advantage is the speed at which information is sent and received. With the help of the internet, the shopping habits of many persons have drastically changed. The car insurance industry hasn't remained untouched by these changes. On the internet, drivers can compare insurance prices and find out which sellers have the best offers. View photos The advantages of comparing online car insurance quotes are the following: Online quotes can be obtained from anywhere and at any time. Unlike physical insurance agencies, websites don't have a specific schedule and they are available at any time. Drivers that have busy working schedules, can compare quotes from anywhere and at any time, even at midnight. Multiple choices. Almost all insurance providers, no matter if they are well-known brands or just local insurers, have an online presence. Online quotes will allow policyholders the chance to discover multiple insurance companies and check their prices. Drivers are no longer required to get quotes from just a few known insurance companies. Also, local and regional insurers can provide lower insurance rates for the same services. Accurate insurance estimates. Online quotes can only be accurate if the customers provide accurate and real info about their car models and driving history. Lying about past driving incidents can make the price estimates to be lower, but when dealing with an insurance company lying to them is useless. Usually, insurance companies will do research about a potential customer before granting him coverage. Online quotes can be sorted easily. Although drivers are recommended to not choose a policy just based on its price, drivers can easily sort quotes by insurance price. Using brokerage websites will allow drivers to get quotes from multiple insurers, thus making the comparison faster and easier. For additional info, money-saving tips, and free car insurance quotes, visit https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/ Compare-autoinsurance.Org is an online provider of life, home, health, and auto insurance quotes. This website is unique because it does not simply stick to one kind of insurance provider, but brings the clients the best deals from many different online insurance carriers. In this way, clients have access to offers from multiple carriers all in one place: this website. On this site, customers have access to quotes for insurance plans from various agencies, such as local or nationwide agencies, brand names insurance companies, etc. "Online quotes can easily help drivers obtain better car insurance deals. All they have to do is to complete an online form with accurate and real info, then compare prices", said Russell Rabichev, Marketing Director of Internet Marketing Company. CONTACT: Company Name: Internet Marketing CompanyPerson for contact Name: Gurgu CPhone Number: (818) 359-3898Email: [email protected]: https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/ SOURCE: Compare-autoinsurance.Org View source version on accesswire.Com:https://www.Accesswire.Com/595055/What-Are-The-Main-Benefits-Of-Comparing-Car-Insurance-Quotes-Online View photos
to request, modification Contact us at Here or [email protected]
 |
 |
 |
