Sex cells explain why women live longer than men

Vitamin D signaling has been associated with extended lifespan.

Many believe that women live longer than men. Better stress management, healthy lifestyle choices, and biological variations are cited as reasons for this development. Women tend to live longer because they value their health and have larger social networks. However, life expectancies vary widely between humans, regardless of gender.

Biologists hypothesize that reproductive variables may influence the gender gap in life expectancy.

In published studies, Scientific advancesResearchers at Osaka University have discovered for the first time that germ cells, which develop into eggs in females and sperm in males, are responsible for the difference in lifespan between the sexes in vertebrates.

The researchers studied aging in turquoise killifish, a small, fast-growing freshwater fish that only lives for a few months. Like humans, female killifish live longer than males. But when the researchers removed reproductive cells from these fish, they found that males and females had roughly the same lifespan.

“After removing the germ cells, male killifish lived longer than normal, while females' life spans were shortened.” Lead author Kota Abe explains: “We wanted to understand why germ cells affect men and women so differently. The next step was to investigate the factors that cause this.”

The study found that female killifish, which lack germ cells, had less estrogen and more growth factor signaling, which could lead to health problems and accelerated aging. In contrast, male killifish had improved health and increased vitamin D signaling. This suggests that vitamin D may extend lifespan, encouraging further testing with supplements.

“When we administered active vitamin D, we found that lifespan was significantly extended in both males and females, indicating that vitamin D signaling confers health benefits throughout the body,” explains lead author Toru Ishitani. “Our study suggests that vitamin D signaling may influence lifespan in other vertebrates, including humans.”

The discovery that germ cells affect lifespan differently in men and women could help elucidate the links between reproduction, ageing and longevity.

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