What is MPOX and how is it transmitted?

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How common is mpox?

Monkeypox disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, which is in the same family as smallpox, but symptoms are much milder than those of smallpox.

The virus originally jumped from animals to humans and is more common in countries close to tropical rainforests.

These areas experience thousands of illnesses and hundreds of deaths each year, with children under the age of 15 being the most severely affected.

The virus is known to exist in two main strains: a milder strain caused a global pandemic in 2022, spreading to around 100 countries where the virus is not normally seen.

A second, more deadly strain is widespread in Central Africa and is responsible for the new strain recently discovered in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

These two types have different risks of illness and death.

What are the symptoms?

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Early symptoms include fever, headache, swelling, back pain, and muscle aches.

Once the fever subsides, a rash appears, often starting on the face and then spreading to other parts of the body, most commonly the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

The rash, which can be very itchy and painful, changes shape and goes through various stages, eventually forming a scab that then falls off. The lesions may leave scars.

The infection is usually self-limited and lasts for 14 to 21 days.

In severe cases, lesions may spread throughout the body, especially around the mouth, eyes, and genitals.

How does it spread?

Mpox spreads from person to person through close contact with an infected person, including through sex, skin-to-skin contact, or close proximity or breathing with another person.

The virus can enter the body through breaks in the skin, the respiratory tract, eyes, nose, or mouth.

The infection can also be spread by coming into contact with contaminated surfaces, such as bedding, clothing, or towels.

Close contact with infected animals such as monkeys, rats and squirrels is also a way of infection.

During the 2022 pandemic, the virus spread primarily through sexual contact.

The current outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is driven by sexual contact, but it has also been found in other communities.

Who is most at risk?

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It is most common in sexually active people or men who have sex with men. Those who have multiple partners or have a new partner may be most at risk.

However, anyone who has close contact with a person with symptoms, including health care workers and family members, can contract the virus.

The advice is to avoid close contact with people who have MPOX and to wash your hands with soap and water if the virus is present in the community.

People with MPOX should be isolated from others until all lesions have cleared.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) says people should use condoms during sexual activity as a precaution for 12 weeks after recovery.

How should I treat it?

Therapies intended to treat smallpox are also effective in treating MPOX, but studies of their effectiveness are limited.

The occurrence of mpox can be controlled by preventing infection, and the best way to do this is with a vaccine.

There are three types of vaccines, but they are usually only given to people who are at risk or have had close contact with an infected person.

The WHO currently does not recommend vaccination of the general population.

Further trials are needed to understand how much protection the vaccine provides against the new mpox strain.

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