Connect with us

Health

H5N1 flu virus found in milk poses serious health risk, study shows

H5N1 flu virus found in milk poses serious health risk, study shows

 


A recent study published in the journal NatureA group of researchers characterized the pathogenicity and transmissibility in mammals of cow's milk-borne highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI H5N1) virus, a severe and highly contagious avian influenza that infects humans and mammals.

Study: Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine H5N1 influenza virus. Image credit: Toa55 / Shutterstockstudy: Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine H5N1 influenza virusesImage credit: Toa55 / Shutterstock

background

After dairy cows in Texas developed unexplained symptoms and lost milk production, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 was detected in milk and nasal wash samples on March 25, 2024. By May 30, 2024, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) had confirmed 69 infected herds in nine states, with spread linked to cow movement and possible transmission through contaminated milking equipment. This outbreak, along with cases in farm workers and cats, highlights the public health risk. The bovine H5N1 virus is closely related to North American wild bird lineages. Further research is needed to understand its replication, pathogenicity, and transmission to mammals.

About the Research

In this study, animals were acclimated to the facility before the start of the experiments, housed under a 12-h light/dark cycle, and provided with food, water, and enrichment. Humane endpoint criteria included ≥35% weight loss or upright immobility. In the United States, HPAI viruses are classified as “select pathogens” by federal regulations, which require immediate reporting to the Federal Select Pathogens Program. All experiments were performed in a biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Influenza Institute, which is approved for the study of these viruses. This study was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR). All animal experiments and procedures were approved by the Institutional Care and Use Committee of the University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Veterinary Medicine.

Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were used for virus isolation and amplification, and no mutations occurred during passaging in these cells. The isolated virus, A/dairy cattle/New Mexico/A240920343-93/2024 (H5N1), was fully sequenced and found to be part of the same lineage as other published bovine H5N1 virus sequences. This virus and a control virus were used for all studies. Mice and ferrets were used to test replication, virulence, and respiratory droplet transmission. Lactating mice were also used to study vertical transmission. Tissue samples were collected for virus titration and plaque assays, and receptor specificity was compared between different virus strains. The study was reviewed and approved by the relevant institutional committees, and the NIAID grant for the study was determined not to meet the criteria for Dual Use Research of Concern (DURC).

research result

To assess the public health risk of milk containing the H5N1 virus, researchers demonstrated that oral ingestion of milk from cows infected with HPAI H5N1 resulted in rapid disease symptoms and virus spread in Bagg Albino Laboratory-Bred Mouse/C strain J (BALB/cJ) mice. When the experiment was repeated with smaller volumes of milk, significant weight loss and increased virus titers in the lungs, nasal turbinates, and brain were observed in mice inoculated with 25 μl or 10 μl of infected milk. In contrast, mice inoculated with 25 μl of milk from healthy cows showed no symptoms. Mice inoculated with smaller volumes (5 μl and 1 μl) showed fewer overt signs of disease and sporadic virus replication. Surviving mice did not seroconvert.

To assess pathogenicity after respiratory exposure, female BALB/cJ mice were inoculated with serial dilutions of Cow-H5N1 and body weight and survival were monitored. The mouse lethal dose (MLD50) was 31.6 PFU, which was similar to that of the Spanish HPAI H5N1 mink virus lineage 2.3.4.4b but higher than that of the avian H5N1 virus A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (VN1203)-H5N1. Tissue tropism studies revealed systemic infection with Cow-H5N1 and VN1203-H5N1, with high virus titers in respiratory and non-respiratory tracts, including mammary gland, nipple, and muscle tissues. Isumi-H1N1 virus was detected only in respiratory tissues. Infected ferrets showed a similar virus replication pattern with high titers in respiratory and nonrespiratory organs, but no virus was detected in blood or muscle tissue.

We next tested whether lactating mice could transmit Cow-H5N1 vertically to their pups or to contact adult mice. Lactating female mice were inoculated and either reunited with their pups or with non-lactating adult mice. Virus replication was observed in lactating female mice, and some of their pups became infected, but virus was not detected in contact adult mice. Virus was detected in the mammary glands and milk of some lactating female mice, suggesting vertical transmission via milk.

Finally, respiratory droplet infection experiments in ferrets showed that Isumi-H1N1 was efficiently infectious, whereas Cow-H5N1 was not; however, one of the infected ferrets had a low positive hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer, indicating a possible inefficient infection. Receptor binding specificity studies revealed that, unlike the avian VN1203-H5N1 virus, Cow-H5N1 binds to both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids, suggesting that Cow-H5N1 may bind to cells of the upper respiratory tract in humans.

Conclusion

In summary, HPAI H5N1 influenza viruses are not typically transmitted efficiently between mammals, and influenza A viruses are rarely detected in cattle. However, the current HPAI H5N1 outbreak in dairy cattle and its spillover to other mammals poses a significant risk to public health and the dairy industry. Despite more than 850 human infections, sustained mammal-to-mammal transmission has not been reported, although recent outbreaks in mink and marine mammals suggest that it may be possible. In this study, bovine HPAI H5N1 virus demonstrated limited respiratory droplet transmission in ferrets, supporting findings of potential mammal-to-mammal transmission. The virus also exhibits human/avian-type dual receptor binding specificity, highlighting the pandemic potential of these viruses.

Sources

1/ https://Google.com/

2/ https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240710/Bovine-H5N1-flu-virus-in-cow-milk-poses-significant-health-risks-study-shows.aspx

The mention sources can contact us to remove/changing this article

What Are The Main Benefits Of Comparing Car Insurance Quotes Online

LOS ANGELES, CA / ACCESSWIRE / June 24, 2020, / Compare-autoinsurance.Org has launched a new blog post that presents the main benefits of comparing multiple car insurance quotes. For more info and free online quotes, please visit https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/the-advantages-of-comparing-prices-with-car-insurance-quotes-online/ The modern society has numerous technological advantages. One important advantage is the speed at which information is sent and received. With the help of the internet, the shopping habits of many persons have drastically changed. The car insurance industry hasn't remained untouched by these changes. On the internet, drivers can compare insurance prices and find out which sellers have the best offers. View photos The advantages of comparing online car insurance quotes are the following: Online quotes can be obtained from anywhere and at any time. Unlike physical insurance agencies, websites don't have a specific schedule and they are available at any time. Drivers that have busy working schedules, can compare quotes from anywhere and at any time, even at midnight. Multiple choices. Almost all insurance providers, no matter if they are well-known brands or just local insurers, have an online presence. Online quotes will allow policyholders the chance to discover multiple insurance companies and check their prices. Drivers are no longer required to get quotes from just a few known insurance companies. Also, local and regional insurers can provide lower insurance rates for the same services. Accurate insurance estimates. Online quotes can only be accurate if the customers provide accurate and real info about their car models and driving history. Lying about past driving incidents can make the price estimates to be lower, but when dealing with an insurance company lying to them is useless. Usually, insurance companies will do research about a potential customer before granting him coverage. Online quotes can be sorted easily. Although drivers are recommended to not choose a policy just based on its price, drivers can easily sort quotes by insurance price. Using brokerage websites will allow drivers to get quotes from multiple insurers, thus making the comparison faster and easier. For additional info, money-saving tips, and free car insurance quotes, visit https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/ Compare-autoinsurance.Org is an online provider of life, home, health, and auto insurance quotes. This website is unique because it does not simply stick to one kind of insurance provider, but brings the clients the best deals from many different online insurance carriers. In this way, clients have access to offers from multiple carriers all in one place: this website. On this site, customers have access to quotes for insurance plans from various agencies, such as local or nationwide agencies, brand names insurance companies, etc. "Online quotes can easily help drivers obtain better car insurance deals. All they have to do is to complete an online form with accurate and real info, then compare prices", said Russell Rabichev, Marketing Director of Internet Marketing Company. CONTACT: Company Name: Internet Marketing CompanyPerson for contact Name: Gurgu CPhone Number: (818) 359-3898Email: [email protected]: https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/ SOURCE: Compare-autoinsurance.Org View source version on accesswire.Com:https://www.Accesswire.Com/595055/What-Are-The-Main-Benefits-Of-Comparing-Car-Insurance-Quotes-Online View photos

ExBUlletin

to request, modification Contact us at Here or [email protected]