Marburg virus outbreak in Rwanda – what you need to know

Rwanda is in the midst of its first outbreak of Marburg virus, a deadly disease with symptoms similar to Ebola. 46 cases have been recorded so far; 12 dead. The source is still unknown.

700 doses An vaccine against the virus has just been shipped to Rwanda from the United States. Vaccines are currently being administered primarily to health care workers, who account for the majority of casualties so far.

The rollout is part of a clinical trial, so it will be some time before we know if the vaccine is effective.

The Marburg virus is named after the German town where it first occurred. In 1967, simultaneous outbreaks occurred at laboratories in Marburg and Belgrade, Serbia (then part of Yugoslavia). The outbreak was caused by African green monkeys imported from Uganda for use in experiments. 7 people died.

Since then, several Marburg virus outbreaks have occurred. sub-saharan africaIncludes countries bordering Rwanda.

Previous outbreaks have also been reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Tanzania. The latest outbreak was reported in Equatorial Guinea and Tanzania from February to June 2023, with nine cases reported. and 6 dead.

previously reported occurrence Includes Angola, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya and South Africa. A major outbreak in Angola in 2005 killed 300 people.

Outbreaks typically occur when people come into contact with infected green monkeys, pigs, and Egyptian fruit bats (a type of Old World fruit bat) that are common carriers of the virus. These bats are often found in mines and caves. If the disease jumps from an infected animal to humans (so-called zoonotic spillover), it can spread from person to person through body fluids or by contact with contaminated surfaces such as bedding. there is.

There are no antiviral drugs to treat patients. People infected with Marburg virus should continue to stay hydrated and blood loss Replenished through blood transfusions.

The incubation period from infection to Marburg virus until symptoms appear is 5 to 10 days. Symptoms of Marburg virus disease can appear suddenly and include fever, muscle pain, diarrhea, and vomiting.

The virus can damage blood vessels and interfere with the blood's ability to clot, causing an uncontrollable condition. bleeding The nose, eyes, gums, rectum, and in women, the vagina. The “fatality rate” of this disease is extremely high. Between 24 and 88 percent of people infected with Marburg virus die, usually from extreme blood loss and shock.

Because Marburg virus disease is not an airborne disease, it is thought to be contagious before symptoms appear. However, even after recovery, the person remains contagious for several months and can transmit the disease through body fluids. Men are recommended to wear condoms for one year after symptoms appear.

looking for clues

Rwandan authorities are working to determine the origin of the outbreak, how far it spread and when the first cases occurred.

Although Marburg virus disease has been reported in seven of East Africa's 30 districts, preparations are being made in unaffected districts to mitigate the spread and quickly identify spillover effects.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is working with Rwanda's neighboring countries, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, to review their preparedness for the outbreak.

The WHO assesses the risk of a Marburg virus outbreak as “very high” at the national level and “high” at the regional level. However, at a global level, the risks remain low.

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