Health
A peek inside the human brain reveals how waste is removed
Washington — A unique peek inside the human brain may explain how the brain removes waste products that can build up and cause Alzheimer's disease.
Brain cells use a lot of nutrients, which creates a lot of waste. Scientists have long thought that the brain has special plumbing to flush out cellular debris, especially during sleep. See it happening with the mouse. However, there was only circumstantial evidence that humans have a similar system.
Now, thanks to a special type of image processing, researchers have finally discovered a network of tiny waste removal channels in the living human brain.
“I was skeptical,” said Dr. Juan Piantino of Oregon Health. & A team from the University of the Sciences reported the findings on Monday. “I needed this work to convey that this also happens to humans.”
The study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The brain is highly active during sleep. One reason seems to be that it's time to do some deep cleaning. And what is attracting attention is I can't sleep well Chronic sleep deprivation also disrupts people's thinking. Risk factors for dementia.
So how does the brain cleanse itself?
More than a decade ago, scientists at the University of Rochester first reported the discovery of a network they dubbed the “glymphatic system.” Cerebrospinal fluid uses channels surrounding blood vessels to penetrate deep into tissues and move waste products out of the brain. The main cause of Alzheimer's disease is something called beta-amyloid, which heals faster when animals are asleep.
It's not clear exactly how that network works, but some studies have shown that pulsating blood vessels helps move waste-removal fluids where they're needed.
But it was difficult to find that system among the people. Routine MRI scans can spot some of the fluid-filled channels but do not show their function, Piantino said.
So his team in Oregon injected the tracer into five patients who had undergone brain surgery and needed a more advanced form of MRI. Under those scans, the tracers “lighted up” and sure enough, after 24-48 hours, the tracers were no longer moving randomly through the brain, but rather they were moving around in the brain, similar to what previous research had found in mice. was moving through the channel.
This is a small but potentially important study, and Rochester's Dr. Miken Nedergaard predicted it would spark increased interest in how brain waste removal relates to people's health.
But to test whether better sleep and other treatments can truly promote waste removal and improve health, “we have to be able to measure people's glymphatic function.” added Dr. Jeff Iliff of the University of Washington, a pioneer in waste removal research. . The question is whether the new research suggests a way to measure it.
Sleep isn't the only issue. For example, animal studies have shown that older blood pressure drugs currently used to treat PTSD may improve glymphatic function, and Iliff and colleague Elaine Peskind, Ph.D. I'm trying to study it as a subject.
Larger studies in healthy people are needed, and Piantino, whose lab focuses on sleep health, hopes to find an easier, non-invasive test.
“You can't inject people and study all these questions,” he says.
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The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Science and Education Media Group. AP is solely responsible for all content.
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