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Covid Vaccine Update: Tracking Progress Against Coronavirus

 


Preclinical

170 or more vaccineTested in animals and laboratories

Phase 1

14 vaccineTested in a small number of healthy young people to assess safety and correct dose

Phase 2

Three vaccineExpands to a larger group of people, including those at high risk of disease

Phase 3

7 vaccineThousands of people have been tested to confirm their effectiveness

Approved

0 vaccineDetermined to provide benefits over known and potential risks

  • Recent progress
  • August 11 | Russia announces coronavirus vaccine “Sputnik V” Insist on a breakthrough Global race before final test
  • July 31 | European pharmaceutical companies Sanofi and GSK $2.1 billion deal with the US Coronavirus Vaccine — Largest US Government Contract
  • July 27 Vaccines developed by Pfizer and biotechnology company Moderna begin The final phase of the test: 30,000 exams

The global effort to create a vaccine for the new coronavirus is January, Just after a Chinese scientist posted online, the genome of the virus that causes the mysterious pneumonia. Vaccine development usually takes years and is rolled out in stages. Experimental vaccine candidates are created in the laboratory, tested in animals, and then phased into large-scale human clinical trials.

These steps are now overlapping in the race to find a vaccine against a global disease that has killed hundreds of thousands of people. Human testing began in some cases before the end of animal testing. Since the company is starting a small Phase 1 trial aimed at establishing the correct dose, it is already planning a Phase 3 trial to assess whether the vaccine is effective and safe.

[A vaccine, or a spike in deaths: How America can build herd immunity to the coronavirus]

No steps skipped, top Government employee Have Repeatedly promisedAnd the vaccine will not be considered for approval in the United States until after a large phase 3 trial. The Food and Drug Administration finally decides whether the vaccine has proven to be safe and effective, the vaccine for covid-19, a disease caused by coronavirus, requires at least prevention of disease or relief of symptoms Is said to be 50% Of the people who receive it. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, influenza vaccine efficacy ranges from 40 to 60 percent.

Other countries may use different standards or license vaccines without waiting for them to prove safe and effective. Russia Before starting Phase 3 trials, it announced in August that it would start using the vaccine in people at high risk of the virus. China Approved vaccine for use by members of the military.

Unprecedented speed

Researchers in the United States set bold goals in January and developed the coronavirus vaccine within 12-18 months. This will be a world record. The mumps vaccine is believed to move fastest in four years from scientific concept to approval. 1967.. of Search for HIV vaccine Continuation is counted as 36 years.

Coronavirus vaccines are moving much faster because the government takes on the financial risks of developing an ineffective vaccine. Use Operation warp speed, The US Government has invested about $9.5 billion To speed up development and start manufacturing faster before research is complete.

New science and technology

Advances in science and technology have given researchers new tools to combat coronaviruses. Scientists can deliver genetic material to the cells of the body and turn them into vaccine factories, skipping time-consuming steps such as producing viral proteins or growing the whole virus in eggs.

The core of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a single ribonucleic acid (RNA) surrounded by a protein shell. The virus is named after the iconic spike that protrudes from the center in a crown, or Latin like “corona”. These spike proteins are more than just decoration. It is important for the virus to get inside the cell and make a copy of itself.

Vaccines work by teaching the body’s immune system to recognize and block the virus. Each category of vaccine technology works under this basic principle. The purpose of the vaccine is to activate T helper cells of the immune system that detect the presence of the virus. They instruct B cells to create antibodies that block the virus from replicating and T killer cells that destroy infected cells. Some vaccines may activate only part of this immune response.

Here we will see how various vaccine technologies developed around the world ideally elicit an immune response and prevent SARS-CoV-2 in humans. Each vaccine may work slightly differently, but these procedures are generally followed.

Vaccines using nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

DNA vaccines contain genetic material that carries the blueprint for spike proteins. To take the DNA inside the cell, researchers use electrical pulses to disrupt the cell membrane. Once inside, the DNA is used as a template to make spike proteins.

RNA vaccines contain a piece of genetic material in a foam of fat. Once inside the cell, RNA produces proteins on the surface of the virus. The immune system presented with the protein learns to recognize viruses.

These vaccines have speed advantages — they can be designed and manufactured quickly. But they have Never approved for use Outside the medical study, you will probably need two doses.

Nucleic acid Vaccine developed by…

*Currently distributed vaccines have not been fully tested.

Virus vector vaccine

Some vaccines use viruses designed to be harmless to carry genes from coronavirus to cells. The gene encodes a characteristic part of the coronavirus and the immune system learns to recognize it.

Viral vector vaccines can be designed quickly. One concern is that people can develop immunity to viral vectors, and this approach is potentially less useful if you need to give booster shots.

Virus vector Vaccine developed by…

*Vaccine currently in circulation that has not been fully tested.

Subunit vaccine

Some conventional vaccines work by delivering viral proteins to cells. There are various technologies to produce these protein fragments, but companies insect cell And yeast. Hepatitis B vaccine relies on viral proteins made by genetically modified yeast.

Subunit Vaccine developed by…

*Vaccine currently in circulation that has not been fully tested.

Weakened or inactivated virus vaccine

In a more archaic approach, the virus is weakened and does not cause disease, but it does protect the immune system. of vaccine Measles, mumps and rubella use this approach.

Killed virus vaccines contain dead virus, so they cannot infect people, but they can tell the immune system how to make a protective response to the infection. The polio vaccine invented by Jonas Salk uses this approach, and the influenza vaccine uses this technology.

These vaccines are usually slow to manufacture.

Weakened and inactivated virus Vaccine developed by…

*Vaccine currently in circulation that has not been fully tested.

Other vaccines

Information on the technology platform used was not available for all vaccines. Some vaccines that have been tested do not specifically target coronavirus and First line of immune defense..

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