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How the US and Britain tried to justify the invasion of Iraq | News

How the US and Britain tried to justify the invasion of Iraq |  News

 


On March 20, 2003, the United States, led by coalition forces, launched a full-scale invasion of Iraq with close support from the United Kingdom.

The case of invasion of a Middle Eastern country is based on three basic premises. that terrorist groups are developing more for their potential advantage; Creating a friendly and democratic Iraq will set an example for the region.

An Iraqi man looks at his mother as a bus is loading up for Syria at a bus stop in Baghdad on March 9, 2003. The US-led invasion and others made their way to the Shi’ite shrine of Sayeda Zeinab in the Syrian capital. [David Guttenfelder/AP Photo]

But 20 years after the start of Operation Iraqi Freedom, the question of whether the invasion of Iraq was the product of willful deception, misinformation or strategic calculation by the US, UK and other voters is still up for debate.

What seems inevitable is that the war in Iraq cast a long shadow over American foreign policy, an impact that continues to this day.

weapon of mass destruction

On January 29, 2004, David Kay, head of the Iraqi Investigation Group (ISG), told the US Senate that we were almost all wrong, including me.

His team, tasked with fact-finding missions set up by multinational forces to find and neutralize Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction (WMD), ultimately found no substantive evidence that Hussein had an active weapons development program.

The Bush administration presented it as a certainty before the invasion.

Anti-war protesters gather in Hyde Park during a demonstration against the war in Iraq, February 15, 2003. [Toby Melville/Reuters]

On October 7, 2002, in a speech in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, the President of the United States declared that Iraq possesses and produces chemical and biological weapons. We are looking for nuclear weapons.

He then concluded that Hussein had to be stopped. President Bush said the Iraqi dictator must not be allowed to threaten the United States and the world with terrible poisons, diseases, gases and nuclear weapons.

British Prime Minister at the time, Tony Blair, made the same statement on September 24, 2002, presenting British intelligence documents confirming that Hussein could activate chemical and biological weapons in 45 minutes, including against his own Shiite population.

When ISG published its findings, one of the war’s main arguments collapsed. We’ve got proof that they’ve certainly been able to produce small amounts. [of WMD]But we found no evidence of hoarding, Kay said in his testimony.

According to Sanam Vakil, Deputy Director for the Middle East and North Africa Program at Chatham House, the decision to invade Iraq was a gross violation of international law, and the real goal of the Bush administration was to bring about a broader effect of change in the region.

We are made of intelligence [Hussein] Vakil said Al Jazeera had no weapons.

Egyptian anti-war protesters hold signs that say Stop Killing in relation to the US-led war in Iraq during an anti-American demonstration outside the Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo on March 28, 2003. Iraq [Mike Nelson/EPA Photo]

Vakil said he felt they would have a domino effect by overthrowing Saddam Hussein and bringing democracy to Iraq.

Some observers pointed out that ISG did not find the WMD program, but gathered evidence that Saddam plans to restart the program as soon as international sanctions against Iraq are lifted.

According to Melvyn Leffler, author of the book Confronting Saddam Hussein, uncertainty was a deciding factor in the months leading up to the invasion.

There was an overwhelming sense of threat, Leffler told Al Jazeera. After 9/11, the intelligence community developed the Threat Matrix, a daily list of all incoming threats. This list of threats was presented to the president daily.

Hussein himself led many to believe that Iraq’s WMD program was active. In a 2004 interview with U.S. interrogators working on a report on America’s weapons of mass destruction, he admitted to being intentionally vague about whether Iran still had biological agents to deter its longtime foe.

For several years prior to the invasion, Saddam resisted inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, set up in 1999, in the name of disarmamenting Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

A U.S. Marine watches as a statue of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is toppled in 2003. [Goran Tomasevic/Reuters]
terror

While Bush campaigned for the presidency with promises of a modest foreign policy, the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center propelled the United States into a decades-long global military campaign against terrorism called the War on Terror.

In his State of the Union Address on January 29, 2002, Bush made no clear terms that the United States would fight any terrorist group or any country deemed to be training, equipping, or supporting terrorism.

Countries like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil that aims to threaten world peace, he said.

The speech identified Iraq as a pillar of the so-called axis of evil.

Iraq continues to display hostility to the United States and support terrorism, the US president said.

This is the regime that agreed to international inspections and then kicked out the inspections. This is a regime that has something to hide from the civilized world.

A year later, on January 30, 2003, Vice President Dick Cheney drew a link between Saddam’s government and the group believed to be behind 9/11, saying that Iraq supports and protects terrorists, including al Qaeda members.

Hussein is known to have supported various groups considered terrorist by some countries, including the Iranian dissident Mujahideen-e-Khalk, the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), and several Palestinian factions, but no evidence of his ties to al-Qaeda has been found. .

According to Leffler, Bush never believed in a direct link between Hussein and al-Qaeda.

But he believed that the sanctions regime against Iraq was crumbling, that the blockade was failing, and that as soon as the sanctions were lifted, Saddam would restart the WMD program and blackmail the United States in the future.

democracy export

In a speech on October 14, 2002, Bush said the United States is a friend of the Iraqi people.

Our demands are directed only at regimes that enslave them and threaten us. The long period of captivity in Iraq will end and a new era of hope will open.

Months later, he added, Iraq’s new regime would serve as a dramatic and inspiring example of freedom for other countries in the region and would start a new phase for peace in the Middle East.

Ultimately, attempts to turn Iraq into a bastion of democracy backfired with little evidence of strengthening democracy in the wider region.

After the war in Iraq, there was the emergence of ISIS as well as the continued threat of al Qaeda. [ISIL] Vakil of Chatham House said the growth of the Iranian state as a regional power has greatly destabilized the region.

According to analysts, the far-reaching US decision to ban the ruling Ba’ath Party and disband the Iraqi army was an early mistake by the Bush administration.

Occupied by the United States in 2005 and supported by strong opinions from US-backed experts, Iraq hastily enacted a new constitution and established a parliamentary system.

Although not specified in the constitution, the requirement that the president be a Kurd, the speaker a Sunni, and the prime minister a Shi’ite has become commonplace.

According to Marina Ottaway, a Middle East researcher at the Woodrow Wilson Center, the U.S. invasion was a result of various sectarian interests too entangled in politics balancing factions to address policies that would improve the lives of Iraqis. created a system that relies on

The analyst added that the Iraqi constitution was essentially a product of the United States, and that it was not a negotiated agreement among Iraqis, and that it was a successful constitution.

America made a huge mistake trying to force its solution on the country.

Sources

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2/ https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/19/examining-justifications-us-invasion-iraq

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