Comparison of Small Earthquakes and Chemical Explosions in the Western US – ScienceDaily

By comparing two measures of locally recorded seismic events, researchers can tell if the event was a small earthquake or a chemical explosion buried in a single fire.

The results, published in the Bulletin of the American Seismological Society, give seismologists another tool to monitor nuclear explosions, especially low-powered explosions that are detected using earthquake stations 150 kilometers (about 93 miles) or less from the site of the blast. .

Seismologists use a variety of methods to distinguish between earthquakes and explosions, such as analyzing the ratio of P-waves (which compress rocks in the same direction as the wave’s motion) to S-waves (which move rocks perpendicular to the wave’s direction). However, methods such as the P / S wave ratio do not work well with events of magnitude 3 or smaller, making it necessary to develop other discrimination techniques, University of Utah seismologist Keith Cooper said. Scientists have debated, for example, whether a small seismic event that occurred on May 12, 2010 in North Korea was a natural earthquake or an earthquake caused by a low-magnitude nuclear explosion.

The new study examines the difference between measurements of local volume (ML) and the amount of code duration (MC). The local magnitude, sometimes referred to as the Richter volume, estimates the magnitude based on the maximum amplitude of the seismic waves detected. The amount of Coda’s duration depends on the duration of the seismic wave train and the resulting length of the seismogram it produces.

Cooper and his students stumbled upon the potential benefit of this comparison at a graduate seminar about four years ago, in which students practiced programming and compared different kinds of volumes. “It turns out that when I looked at these volume differences, there was a pattern,” he said. “All of these earthquakes in Utah associated with coal mining have a larger coda magnitude, with earthquakes being recorded longer than normal.”

Compared to naturally occurring earthquakes, human-induced seismic events tend to have a greater MC than ML, as the researchers concluded in a 2016 paper. Researchers found that very shallow seismic events have a greater MC than buried events, noting that most Human activities that can trigger earthquakes occur at shallow depths in the crust, compared to the deep origins of natural earthquakes.

The results indicated that the ML-MC variation could be useful in detecting nuclear explosions at the local level, but that multiple explosions in the coal mining process, spread in space and time, produce a different seismic signature than the combined single-shot of a nuclear explosion. .

To further test the differentiation method, the researchers looked for “blasts that were better, compressive agents, rather than typical industrial blasts,” Cooper said.

In the BSSA study, Cooper and colleagues applied ML-MC teams to three experiments in the western United States that recorded data on local networks from buried blasts by single fire as well as natural earthquakes: the Bighorn Arch 2010 earthquake experiment (BASE) in northern Wyoming, the Magma Under St. Helens (iMUSH) in Washington state from 2014 to 2016, and phase I explosions of the Source Physics Experiment (SPE) in Nevada from 2011 to 2016.

The researchers found that the method was able to successfully separate explosions from natural earthquakes in data from all three sites, confirming that it could be useful for identifying small underground nuclear explosions in places covered only by a local seismic network.

Cooper said that other than explosive seismology, the method may also help identify and analyze other earthquakes that have shallow sources, including some earthquakes caused by human activities such as oil and gas recovery.

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