Undersea rocks give evidence of earthquakes

Q: What do rocks tell you about earthquakes?

Warren: The big discovery we’ve made is that these faults, or fissures, have a lot of seawater flowing deep into them — more than 10 miles below the sea floor, which is very deep. When water enters the rock, it reacts with it. This seawater intrusion is a weakening force, so rocks can flow as fast as they can slide.

Earthquakes are escape slip events that occur when rocks slide over each other. We found that seawater intrusion causes tiny grains of minerals to crystallize, and these allow the rocks to infiltrate rather than slide.

Q: Can you rely on this result to prevent an earthquake on Earth?

Warren: There’s no way to prevent big earthquakes. But it will improve our ability to predict – by understanding the properties – what gives us rock creep versus steep slip. There is also a creeping portion of the San Andreas Fault. We cannot make the rest of such a mistake. But we can better predict how and when these various failure systems will fail.

Q: What will happen to the information you developed, and then what?

Warren: You have to know the properties of rocks to understand what happens in fault zones and earthquakes. We’ve done modeling which is a way to test and extrapolate how rocks deform against each other. We have done a lot of first hand calculations to check the strength of the rocks. We now need more direct observations of defects on the sea floor itself. The Alvin submersible would be one of the ideal vehicles to do this. This will contribute to our understanding of earthquakes in some spots versus others that stop them.

Q: What prompted you to do this work?

Warren: I fell in love with geology through fieldwork in college, and then fell in love with going overboard to do fieldwork in graduate school. I also love looking at the samples in the lab, seeing the textures and revealing the history of the rocks and what they tell us about the Earth.

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