Large earthquakes form a high-altitude landscape

Credit: CC0 Public Domain

The mountainous landscape is the result of a battle between tectonic altitude, river slit, and landslide. Landslide erosion controls the removal of sediments from watersheds; Therefore, as this happens it is important for landscape development.

If landslides occur frequently in certain parts of a mountain range, they will dominate the landscape development of this section and can leave a mark on the topography.

An international research team discovered that erosion after large earthquakes favored removing sediments from high elevations by causing landslides, while landslides caused by heavy rain led to erosion of sediments from low altitude. Their studies were published in Science Advances.

The study was conducted by researchers from the Earth Environmental Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Durham University, Victoria University in Wellington, University of Otago and the NERC carbon facility.

The research team collected sediment nuclei from Lake Baringa and soil samples on New Zealand’s west coast from the South Island. The sediments cores recorded four earthquakes with Mw> 7.6 in the past 1000 years.

To study where lake sediments come from, researchers have used a range of geochemistry techniques, including carbon and nitrogen isotopes and a specific compound of organic matter in sediments, known as biomarkers. Their transitions after every major earthquake indicate that sources of sediment have changed due to large earthquakes.

Lake heart sediment collection from Baringa Lake, New Zealand. Credit: Wang Jin

Using the relationship between organic geochemical agents and the height and depth of soil, they calculated that the earthquake caused the soil to slide from eroded organic matter from altitudes about 700 meters; While the sediments eroded from a low altitude of about 450 meters when there was no earthquake. These results demonstrated, for the first time, that frequent large earthquakes can continually focus on erosion at high altitudes.

Research is important to understand the dynamics of landscape development in mountain ranges. The results indicated that large earthquakes caused landslides at the height of the drainage gap, which is the boundary of two rivers / tributaries. Therefore, large earthquakes are the primary process that drives migration to split drainage into mountain ranges, a major process that changes landscape networks and rivers.

The research team explains that extreme events, such as earthquakes and storms, may have a first-class effect on landscape development.

Minerals in mountain rivers tell the story of upstream activity at the source

more information:
Jin Wang et al. Long-term patterns of erosion of hill slopes due to earthquakes caused by earthquake form a mountainous landscape, Science Advances (2020). Doi: 10.1126 / sciadv.aaz6446

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Large earthquakes form high altitude landscapes (2020, Jun 9)
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