Three things to know: M5.9 earthquake Khost, Afghanistan

1. A 5.9-magnitude earthquake hit eastern Afghanistan in the early morning hours of June 22

The earthquake of relatively medium strength occurred at 1:42 a.m. local time (20:54 UTC). It was a shallow earthquake with a depth of 10 km below the surface. Seismic wave patterns indicate that this earthquake was mostly a rift near the boundary of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates, and the earthquake erupted 28 miles from the provincial capital Khost. More damage was reported in Pattika, a neighboring province on the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Mild shaking, modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) 3.5, was felt in the capital, Kabul, about 100 miles from the epicenter. At least 1,000 deaths and more than 1,600 injuries have been reported, but the total is likely to increase as the damage is assessed.

2. A deadly earthquake destroyed many homes

The June 22 event was the deadliest earthquake to hit this part of Afghanistan in more than a decade. Large earthquakes in this region are uncommon. There have only been seven M6.0 and larger earthquakes in this region since modern record keeping began. According to USGS PAGER, more than 35 million residents experienced earthquakes from this event. Approximately 1 million people experience moderate or greater tremor (>MMI 5) 2.

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Economic losses from this event are expected to be minimal. The Southeast region of Afghanistan is primarily a residential area with high degrees of poverty and little development because it is rural and mountainous. The capital and economic center of Afghanistan, Kabul, has not experienced earthquakes severe enough to generate material losses.

3. Why was this strong “moderate” earthquake so deadly?

The high number of deaths from this event is a result of the building materials used in residential properties in the area and the time of day the earthquake occurred. Earthquake. The predominant building materials used are building materials such as adobe or clay. These materials are highly susceptible to the lateral forces that occur in buildings when they shake, and compared to the most earthquake-hazardous parts of the world with strong building codes and earthquake-resistant construction, such as Japan or California, the M5.9 earthquake is not severe enough to cause widespread damage. In more developed countries, no physical damage to the building is expected in earthquakes below M6.5. Modern building codes, such as the International Building Code, building materials and practices are used to mitigate the effects of moderate to severe ground shaking. The use of steel, either in the form of beams or rebar embedded in the concrete walls, increases the overall ductility of the structure, allowing the building to absorb the ground shaking movement. Many buildings have torque-resistant frames where columns and beams can bend, but the joints remain rigid, allowing the entire frame to respond to lateral forces, in addition, the earthquake broke out in the early morning hours. The probability of people being in their homes, rather than in public places or buildings that might be more earthquake-resistant, is the highest.

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[1] USGS, 2022. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000hj3u/executive (Accessed 23 June 2022)

[2] Yawar, Muhammad Yunus and Ahmad, Jubran, Afghanistan earthquake kills at least 1,000, death toll is expected to rise (Reuters, 2022).

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